An Encyclopedia of Japanese History

compiled by Chris Spackman

Copyright Notice

Copyright © 2002-2004 Chris Spackman and contributors

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License.”

Table of Contents

Frontmatter	5

Abe Family (Mikawa) – Azukizaka, Battle of (1564)	11

Baba Family – Buzen Province	37

Chang Tso-lin – Currency	45

Daido Masashige – Dutch Learning	75

Echigo Province – Etō Shinpei	78

Feminism – Fuwa Mitsuharu	83

Gamō Hideyuki – Gyoki	88

Habu Yoshiharu – Hyūga Province	99

Ibaraki Castle – Izu Province	118

Japan Communist Party – Jurakutei Castle	135

Kaei – Kyūshū Campaign	139

Lansing, Robert – Lytton	178

MacArthur, Douglas – Mutsu Province	178

Nabeyama Sadachika – Nunobeyama, Battle of	205

Ōan – Ozu Yasujiro	222

Pacific War – Privy Council	236

(Q: No Entries)	238

Rangaku – Ryūkyū Province	238

Sado Province – Suzuki Zenkō	242

Tachibana Muneshige – Twenty-One Demands	271

Uchida Ryohei – Uzen Province	298

(V: No entries)	302

Wado Province – Witte, Sergei	302

(X: No entries)	305

Yamagata Aritomo – Yūryaku-tennō	305

Zaibatsu – Zeami	311

Chronological List of Emperors	313

Prime Ministers, 1885 to Present	317

Alphabetical List of the Prefectures	320

Provinces and Corresponding Prefectures	322

Chronological List of Nengō	325

List of the Shōgun	333

GNU Free Documentation License	335

Frontmatter

Credits

The following people have contributed to this encyclopedia:

Carl F. Kelley

Seige of Kozuki entry

W. G. Sheftall (sheftall at ia.inf.shizuoka.ac.jp)

Imperial Way Faction entry

February 26th Revolt entry

Wikipedia (www.wikipedia.org)

Several pages are included (and possibly modified) from the content available at www.wikipedia.org. These include:

Kofun, Kotoamatsukami, Meiji, Nagasaki, Bombing of, Nagasaki City, Sengoku Period,

Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895), Tokugawa Ieyasu, , Nengo,

History

This encyclopedia started as a web site back in 1998. As I added more and more pages, the limitations of html for a large project began to show, so in late 2000 I switched everything over to LaTeX. With the 0.3.3 release, the format has again changed – this time to the OpenOffice.org XML-based format.

This work was originally published under the Open Content License but I republished it under the GNU Free Documentation License in March 2001. Please see the copyright section and the GNU License at the back of the book for more details.

0.3.2

This encyclopedia now has three entries, provided by two new contributors. Yeah! Tremendous thanks to Carl F. Kelley and W. G. Sheftall. See the Credits section for more info.

I've added basic info on all of the old provinces and dates for a lot of entries, especially many of the emperors.

Lots of other good stuff. See the section Changes for a complete list of all the files that have changed between 0.3.1 and 0.3.2.

About

Please direct questions, bug reports (factual mistakes in the text, for example), or suggestions concerning this work to Chris Spackman (spackman@openhistory.org). Please specify which version of the work you are using. The newest version will always be available at www.openhistory.org.

This encyclopedia is continually under development and anyone is welcome to contribute.

Note on Dates (Important! Please READ THIS!!)

Some of the sources from which this encyclopedia is compiled are Japanese and use Japanese dates for events. Unfortunately, the Japanese used a less-than-perfect lunar calendar until the 1870s. As a result, the dates listed for events from more than about 130 years ago can seem misleading when compared with dates for the same event from an American or other `Western' source. So, for example, Bryant (and probably everyone else in America) lists the Battle of Sekigahara as taking place in October while Japanese sources say that it took place in September. In time I hope to have both dates listed, but that is not going to happen soon.

As a convenience, I have converted phrases like “fifth day of the second month” to “5 February''.

Sources

Currently, I have compiled this encyclopedia mostly from:

Janet Hunter's Encyclopedia of Modern History [hunter_1984] for people and events from modern history.

Stephen Turnbull's Samurai Sourcebook [turnbull_1998] for the Sengoku Period and samurai in general.

The Samurai Archives homepage at: http://www.angelfire.com/realm/kitsuno01/index.html A great site with lots of information about samurai and the Sengoku Period.

E. Papinot's Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan [papinot_1972] is a bit dated but has wonderfully detailed information on topics that tend to get ignored these days.

Wikipedia:

Most if not all of the data for prefecture entries is from Noritaka Yagasaki's Japan: Geographical Perspectives on an Island Nation [yagasaki_1997].

There are several very helpful tables at the back of New Nelson's Kanji Encyclopedia, which I have used to double and triple check a lot of the data about nengo and emperors.

This is not meant to be a comprehensive list.

Changes

0.3.2 to 0.3.3

Aside from changing the whole thing to OpenOffice.org / Star [Office | Suite] format and adding a whole lot of hyperlinks, the following entries were added or modified.

Changed:

Abe Iso, Abe Nobuyuki, Adachi Kenzo, Anarchism, Arahata Kanson, Araki Sadao, Asano Shoichiro, Ashida Hitoshi, Ashikaga Takauji

Constitution of 1946, Currency

Dejima

Gomizuno-tenno, Goto Shinpei, Goto Shojiro

Hamaguchi Osachi, Hara Kei, Hatoyama Ichiro, Hayashi Senjuro, Hayashi Tadasu, Hiranuma Kiichiro, Hirota Koki, Hosokawa Akiuji, Hosokawa Jozen, Hosokawa Katsumoto, Hotta Masatoshi

Ihara Saikaku, Inoue Junnosuke, Inoue Kaoru, Inoue Kowashi, Inukai Tsuyoshi, Ishida Mitsunari, Ishiyama Hongan-ji, Itagaki Taisuke, Ito Hirobumi, Iwakura Tomomi

Kataoka Kenkichi, Katayama Sen, Katayama Tetsu, Kato Hiroyuki, Kato Takaaki, Kato Tomosaburo, Katsura Taro, Kenrokuen, Kido Koichi, Kido Koin, Kiyoura Keigo, Kobayakawa Takakage, Kodama Gentaro, Koiso Kuniaki, Kokaku-tenno, Koken-tenno, Komei-tenno, Komura Jutaro, Konoe Fumimaro, Konoe-tenno, Kotoku-tenno, Kuroda Kiyotaka

Machida Chuji, Makino Nobuaki, Matsudaira Sadanobu, Matsuda Masahisa, Matsukata Masayoshi, Matsukura Castle, Meisho-tenno, Mori Yoshiro, Murakami-tenno, Mutsu Munemitsu

Nagasaki Bombing of, Nagasaki City, Naito Family Mikawa, Naito Family Tamba, Naito Genzaemon, Naito Masanaga, Naito Nobunari, Naito Tadakatsu, Naito Yukiyasu, Nijo-tenno, Ninko-tenno, Ninnan, Ninna, Nishio Suehiro, Noda Castle, Nogi Maresuke

Obuchi Keizo, Ogata Taketora, Ogyu Sorai, Ohara Magosaburo, Okada Keisuke, Okinawa prefecture, Oki Takato, Okudaira Sadamasa, Okuma Shigenobu, Oyama Iwao

Reigen-tenno, Reizei-tenno, Rennyo, Rokujo-tenno

Saigo Tsugumichi, Saionji Kinmochi, Saito Makoto, Sato Eisaku, Shidehara Kijuro, Shigemitsu Mamoru, Shotoku-tenno, Suzuki Kantaro

Takahashi Korekiyo, Tanaka Giichi, Terauchi Masatake, Tokugawa Iemitsu, Tokugawa Iemoto, Tokugawa Ienobu, Tokugawa Ieshige, Tokugawa Ietsugu, Tokugawa Ietsuna, Tokugawa Ieyasu, Tokugawa Keiki

New:

Abe Genki, Abe Yoshishige, Abo Kiyokazu, Aikawa Katsuroku, Akita Kiyoshi, Amano Teiyu, Amaterasu, Anami Korechika, Ando Kisaburo, Aoki Kazuo, Aoki Shuzo, Aoki Takayoshi, Arai Kentaro, Arimatsu Hiroshi, Arima Yoriyasu, Arita Hachiro

Baba Eiichi

Daito Gitetsu, Den Kenjiro

Egi Tasuku, Endo Ryusaku, Enomoto Takeaki,

Five Charter Oath, Fujihara Ginjiro, Fujii Sanenobu, Fujimura Yoshiro, Fujinuma Shohei, Fujisawa ikunosuke, Funada Kyoji, Funada Naka, Furuhata Tokuya

Godo Takuo, Goto Fumio,

Hashida Kunihiko, Hatta Yoshiaki, Hayami Seiji, Hayashi Joji, Hirata Tosuke, Hirokawa Kozen, Hirose Hisatada, Hitotsubashi Keiki, Hitotsubashi Yoshinobu, Hitotsumatsu Sadayoshi, Horikiri Zenjiro, Hoshino Naoki

Ichiki Kitokuro, ishiwata Sotaro, izumiyama Sanroku

Kabayama Sukenori, Kataoka Naoharu, Katsuta Kazue, Kawasaki Takukichi, Kimi Ga Yo, Kimura Kozaemon, Kimura Tokutaro, Kobiyama Naoto, Kodama Hideo, Kofun, Komuchi Tomotsune, Kotoamatsukami, Kurusu Takeo, Maeda Yonezo, Matsumoto Joji, Matsumura Kenzo

Meiji Era, Minami Hiroshi, Mitsuchi Chuzo, Mizuno Rentaro, Mochizuke Keisuke, Motoda Hajime, Murase Naokai, Murata Shozo

Nagai Ryutaro, Nakahashi Tokugoro, Nakajima Chikuhei, Narahashi Wataru, Nichiro Senso, Nisshin Senso, Noda uichi, Noda utaro

Ohara Naoshi, Okada Ryohei, Okano Keijiro, Oki Enkichi, Okuda Yoshindo, Oura Kanetake

Reischauer Edwin O

Saito Takao, Sakurauchi Yukio, Sasamori Junzo, Sengoku Mitsugu, Sengoku period, Shibata Kamon, Shimada Toshio, Shiono Suehiko, Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895, Sone Arasuke, Suematsu Kencho, Sugiyama Gen, Suzuki Kisaburo, Suzuki Teiichi, Suzuki Yoshio

Takano Choei, Takarabe Takeshi, Takashima Tomonosuke, Takayanagi Ryunosuke, Takeda Giichi, Taketomi Tokitoshi, Tanabe Harumichi, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, Treaty of Shimonoseki

Also:

modified Triple Intervention

added Yardley, Herbert O., his book The American Black Chamber, and American Black Chamber.

added Washington Naval Conference and the related Four-Powers Treaty, Five-Powers Treaty, and Nine-Powers Treaty

added Cryptology

added Kowalewski, Jan

added Ōhiko

added Bakumatsu

modified Abe Family (Mikawa)

modified several of the appendix tables to be more consistent with each other

slightly modified Sengoku Period and Ōnin War

added Godō Takuo

modified Daimyō

modified Tokugawa Ieyasu

added an entry for Nengō

(this page intentionally left blank)

Abe Family (Mikawa) – Azukizaka, Battle of (1564)

Abe Family (Mikawa)

Descended from Ōhiko (pg 225), a son of Kōgen-tennō (pg 160).

Abe Masakatsu → Abe Masatsugu

Abe Family (Mutsu)

Abe Family (Suruga)

Abe Hirafu

Abe Hirafu was a governor of Koshi. He fought against the aboriginal inhabitants of Japan (called, at that time, ebisu, which basically just means 'barbarian'). This was in 658. Three years later, in 661, he led an expedition into Korea to help Kudara, a Japanese colony / protectorate / ally on the Korean peninsula.

Note that the early dates on this info means that everything is suspect (more than usual) and should be double and triple checked.

Abe Hirafu might be the anscestor of one or more of the Abe clans, as well as the Ando and Akita clans.

Abe Iso

Lived 1865 to 1949

Christian Socialist from Fukuoka Prefecture. Studied at Doshisha University and abroad. Became a Unitarian preacher. Taught at Tokyo College from 1899.

Active in the socialist movement.

1900 --- became president of the Socialist Society

1901 --- one of the founders of Shakaiminshuto

1924 --- became president of the Japan Fabian Society

1928 --- elected to the Diet

1932 --- chairman of Shakaitaishuto

Withdrew from politics in 1940

Abekawa River

A river which starts in Suruga and whose mouth is near Shizuoka.

Abe Masakatsu

Lived 1541 to 1600

Masakatsu was an important member of the Abe clan of Mikawa. He served Tokugawa Ieyasu until his (Masakatsu's) death in 1600 (just coincidence, or did he die at Sekigahara?). In 1590, Ieyasu gave him Ichihara (in Izu), worth 5,000 koku.

Abe Masatsugu

Lived 1569 to 1647

Abe Masatsugu was the eldest son of Masakatsu. After Sekigahara, Tokugawa Ieyasu promoted him to daimyō status.

Abe Muneto

Abe Nakamaro

Lived 701 to 770

Abe Nobuyuki

Lived 1875 to 1953

Soldier and Politician from Ishikawa Prefecture. Put on reserve list with rank of general in 1936.

Prime Minister from 30 Aug. 1939. Took over from Hiranuma Kiichirō (pg. 107) and was replaced by Yonai Mitsumasa (pg. 309) in January of 1940.

Joined the House of Peers in 1942.

President of the Imperial Rule Assistance Political Association (pg. 121).

Governor of Korea from July 1944.

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Hamaguchi	Hanretsu	Jun 16, 1930	Dec 10, 1930
Hamaguchi	War	Jun 16, 1930	Dec 10, 1930
Abe	Foreign Affairs	Aug 30, 1939	??
Abe	Prime Minister	Aug 30, 1939	Jan 16, 1940

Table 1Cabinet Positions Held by Abe Nobuyuki

Cabinet

Name	Position	From	To
Godō Takuo	Agriculture & Forestry	Aug 30, 1939	Oct 16, 1939
Sakai Tadamasa	Agriculture & Forestry	Oct 16, 1939	Jan 16, 1940
Endō Ryūsaku	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	Aug 30, 1939	Jan 16, 1940
Karasawa Toshiki	Chief of Legislative Bureau	Aug 30, 1939	Jan 16, 1940
Kanemitsu Tsuneo	Colonization	Aug 30, 1939	Jan 16, 1940
Godō Takuo	Commerce & Industry	Aug 30, 1939	Jan 16, 1940
Nagai Ryūtarō	Communications	Aug 30, 1939	Jan 16, 1940
Kawarada Kakichi	Education	Aug 30, 1939	Jan 16, 1940
Aoki Kazuo	Finance	Aug 30, 1939	Jan 16, 1940
Abe Nobuyuki	Foreign Affairs	Aug 30, 1939	XXX
Nomura Kichisaburō	Foreign Affairs	XXX	Jan 16, 1940
Ohara Naoshi	Home Affairs	Aug 30, 1939	Jan 16, 1940
Miyagi Chōgorō	Justice	Aug 30, 1939	Jan 16, 1940
Yoshida Zengo	Navy	Aug 30, 1939	Jan 16, 1940
Abe Nobuyuki	Prime Minister	Aug 30, 1939	Jan 16, 1940
Nagai Ryūtarō	Railways	Aug 30, 1939	Nov 29, 1939
Nagata Hidejirō	Railways	Nov 29, 1939	Jan 16, 1940
Hata Shunroku	War	Aug 30, 1939	Jan 16, 1940
Ohara Naoshi	Welfare	Aug 30, 1939	Nov 29, 1939
Akita Kiyoshi	Welfare	Nov 29, 1939	Jan 16, 1940

Table 2Abe Nobuyuki's Cabinet

Abeno Plain

A plain in Settsu. Abeno was the scene of several battles during the Warring States period.

Abe Sadato

Lived 1019 to 1062

Abe Seimei

Died 1005.

Abe Seimei was a famous astronomer.

Abe Yoritoki

Abukumagawa River

aka Akurigawa.

A river with source at Asahi-san and mouth near Iwanuma.

Abutsu

aka Abutsu-ni, aka Hokurin-zenni

Achi no Omi

Adachi Family

A family of samurai who were descended from Fujiwara Yamakage (pg XXX). They are presented here because of their successes during the Minamoto---Taira wars and their subsequent affiliation with the Hōjō Family (pg XXX).

Adachi Kagemori

Died 1248,

A warrior of the Adachi family, Kagemori was the son of Morinaga. He served with Minamoto Yoriie but became a monk when Minamoto Sanetomo died. This did not stop him from joining the Hōjō Family for the Shōkyū War, however.

Hōjō Tsunetoki and Hōjō Tokiyori were his grandsons.

see also:

Minamoto Sanetomo (pg XXX), Minamoto Yoriie (pg XXX), Hōjō Family (pg XXX), Shōkyū War (pg XXX), Hōjō Tsunetoki (pg XXX), Hōjō Tokiyori (pg XXX)

Adachi Kenzō

Lived 1864 to 1948.

Politician from Kumamoto.

Involved in the murder of the Korean queen in 1895.

Founding member of the Kumamoto National Party.

Elected to the House of Representatives in 1902.

Active in the Rikken Doshikai, Kenseikai, and Minseito.

Formed and was president of the Kokumin Domei in 1932.

Cabinet Posts

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Katō	Communications	May 31, 1925	Aug 2, 1925
2nd Katō	Communications	Aug 2, 1925	Jan 30, 1926
1st Wakatsuki	Communications	Jan 30, 1926	Apr 20, 1927
1st Wakatsuki	Home Affairs	Dec 16, 1926	Mar 15, 1927
Hamaguchi	Home Affairs	Jul 2, 1929	Apr 14, 1931
2nd Wakatsuki	Home Affairs	Apr 14, 1931	Dec 13, 1931

Table 3Cabinet Positions Held by Adachi Kenzō

see also:

Kumamoto National Party (pg XXX), Rikken Doshikai (pg XXX), Kenseikai (pg XXX), Minseito (pg XXX), Kokumin Domei (pg XXX).

Adachi Morinaga

Died 1200

Adachi Morinaga was a warrior who fought for Minamoto Yoritomo (pg XXX) against the Taira (pg XXX).

After the wars, he became a monk and took the name Rensai.

Adachi Yasumori

Died 1285

Adachi Yoshikage

Died 1255.

Aichi Prefecture

Area: 5,150 km2 (1995)

Capital: Nagoya

Population: 6,770,000 (1996)

Aikoku Kōtō

Aizawa Seishi

Lived 1782 to 1863

Aizu-han

Ajiki

Akabashi Moritoki

Died 1333

Akagawa Fusanobu

Akagawa Motoyasu

Son of Akagawa Fusanobu.

Mōri retainer.

Akai Naomasa

Akamatsu Family

Akamatsu Mitsusuke

Lived 1381 to 1441

Akamatsu Norifusa

Akamatsu Norimura

Lived 1277 to 1350

Akamatsu Norisuke

Lived 1312 to 1371

Akamatsu Soshu

Lived 1721 to 1801

Akamatsu Suefusa

Akamatsu Yoshinori

Lived 1358 to 1427

Akamatsu Yoshisuke

Akashi Morishige

Died 1618.

Baptised a Christian in 1596.

Was a vassal of Ukita Hideie, the daimyō of Okayama.

Morishige fought against Tokugawa Ieyasu at Sekigahara. He surrendered to Kuroda Nagamasa.

Later, he fought for the Toyotomi at Ōsaka Castle. Somehow managed to escape the fall of the castle.

see also:

Ukita Hideie, Sekigahara, Battle of, Kuroda Nagamasa, Toyotomi Family, Ōsaka, Siege of

Akaza Naoyasu

aka Akaza Kyūbei.

Died 1606.

One of Toyotomi Hideyoshi's retainers.

Akaza Naoyasu fought at Sekigahara under Ōtani Yoshitsugu, but switched to the Eastern side during the battle.

Later Naoyasa became a retainer of Maeda Toshinaga.

Akazome Emon

Akechi Castle

Akechi Family

Akechi Mitsuharu

aka Mitsutoshi

Akechi Mitsuhide's cousin. Mitsuharu was present for his cousin's coup, but missed the Battle of Yamazaki.

He battled Hori Hidemasa at Uchidehama, lost and fled. He committed hari-kiri and supposedly wrote a poem with his own blood before dieing.

see also:

Akechi Mitsuhide, Yamazaki, Battle of, Hori Hidemasa, Uchidehama, Battle of

Akechi Mitsuhide

Lived 1526 to 1582

Akechi Mitsuhide was a general under, and the assassin of, Oda Nobunada.

When they found out about the assassination, both Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu rushed to be the first to avenge Nobunaga and take his place. Hideyoshi got to Mitsuhide first.

Mitsuhide began serving Oda Nobunaga in 1566 and recieved Sakamoto (in Ōmi, 100,000 koku) in 1571.

In 1579, he captured Yakami Castle from Hatano Hideharu by taking Hideharu's mother hostage. This accomplished Mitsuhide's goal but unfortunately, Nobunaga had the woman executed (crucified?). Naturally this did not make the Hatano family happy and a short while later several of Hideharu's (ex-?) retainers murdered Akechi Mitsuhide's mother!

Mitsuhide blamed Nobunaga for his mother's death and the attack at Honnōji in 1582 was his revenge.

Mitsuhide survived for 13 days, until he was defeated by Hideyoshi at the Battle of Yamazaki.

see also:

Oda Nobunaga, Honnōji, Seige of, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Tokugawa Ieyasu, Hatano Hideharu, Akechi Mitsuharu, Yamazaki, Battle of, Uchidehama, Battle of

Akechi Mitsukuni

Akimoto Family

Akimoto Nagatomo

Died 1628

Akimoto Takatomo

Lived 1647 to 1714.

Akimoto Yasutomo

Lived 1580 to 1642.

Aki Province

A province in the Western part of Honshū (pg. ), part of what is today Hiroshima Prefecture (pg. ).

Akita Castle

Akita City

The capital of Akita Prefecture (pg 19).

Akita Family

Akita Kiyoshi

Welfare Minister in Abe Nobuyuki's cabinet, from 29 November 1939 to 16 January 1940

Akita Prefecture

Area:	11,612 km2 (1995)
Capital:	Akita City (pg. 18)
Population:	1,220,000 (1996)

Table 4Data on Akita Prefecture

The old Ugo Province (pg. 301) is today Akita Prefecture.

Akita Sanesue

died 1659

Sanesue served Tokugawa Ieyasu and received Shishido (in Hitachi, 50,000 koku) in 1602.

Akita Toshisue

dates currently unknown

Toshisue was the son of Sanesue. He also served the Tokugawa and received Miharu (in Mitsu, 50,000 koku) in 1645.

Akiyama Nobutomo

dates currently unknown

Nobutomo was a famous general in service of the Takeda family.

Akizuki Castle

Akizuki Tanenaga

Tanenaga served under Kuroda Nagamasa during the Korean campaign. He sided with Ishida Mitsunari at the battle of Sekigahara but managed to keep his fief (which was?) after the battle.

see also:

Kuroda Nagamasa, Korea, Invasion of Ishida Mitsunari, Sekigahara, Battle of

Akizuki Tanezane

Tanezane lost to the Ōtomo (the who, what, when, where, and why is still to be researched). Sometime after that he joined the Shimazu (as an ally or a vassal?) and fought with them against Hideyoshi in Kyūshū.

After Sekigahara, he was transfered to Takanabe (in Hyūga, 20,000 koku).

Amakazu Kagemochi

Kagemochi was a famous general for the Uesugi family. Among other things, he fought at the Fourth Battle of Kawanakajima (1561).

Amako Family

A samurai family that fought the Mōri family. They mostly lost. The Mōri had been one of their vassals.

see also:

Mōri Family

Amako Haruhisa

Lived 1514 to 1562.

Fought against Ōuchi Yoshitaka.

Fought against Mōri Motonari.

Mostly a failure (he lost a lot of battles and a lot of territory) but regained some of ground after Sue Harukata killed Ōuchi Yoshitaka.

see also:

Ōuchi Yoshitaka, Mōri Motonari, Sue Harukata

Amako Katsuhisa

dates currently unknown

Lost to someone at Nunobeyama (which is where?) in 1570.

Lost to Mōri Terumoto in 1571 (where? what battle?) and fled to the island of Oki.

Later returned from Oki and captured Tajima and Inaba provinces. Defended Kozuki castle for Hideyoshi against the Mōri.

Katsuhisa was attacked by Kobayakawa Takakage and Kikkawa Motoharu (at Kozuki castle?), was defeated and committed suicide.

see also:

Nunobeyama, Battle of

Mōri Terumoto, Tajima Province, Inaba Province, Kōzuki, Seige of, Kobayakawa Takakage, Kikkawa Motoharu

Amako Kunihisa

Lived 1492 to 1554

Kunihisa was the son of Tsunehisa.

Amako Okihisa

Died 1534

Okihisa was the son of Tsunehisa.

Amako Tsunehisa

Lived 1458 to 1541

Fought against Ōuchi Yoshioka

Mōri Motonari was one of his retainers

Amako Yoshihisa

Yoshihisa was the son of Amako Katsuhisa (pg XXX). He continued the family fight against the Mōri.

While besieged in Toda Castle, Yoshihisa had a retainer, Moriyama Hisakane executed. This caused most of his remaining men to desert. With no hope of holding the castle, Yoshihisa fled and became a monk.

Amakusa Shirō

aka Masuda Tokisada.

A leader of the Shimabara Rebellion, Shirō led the defence of Hara Castle and died when it fell.

see also:

Shimabara Rebellion, Hara Castle, Hara, Seige of

Amano Takashige

Lived 1503 to 1584.

Amano Yasukage

Lived 1537 to 1637.

Amari Nobuyasu

Amari Toriyasu

Died 1548

Ama Shogun

“Ama Shogun” refers to Hōjō Masako, who was the wife of Minamoto Yoritomo, and the power behind the Kamakura shōgunate after his death. She became a nun in 1199. Ama Shogun roughly means the “Nun Shogun.”

see also:

Hōjō Masako (pg. X), Minamoto Yoritomo (pg. X), Kamakura Shōgunate (pg. X),

Ama

Ama is a term used to refer to nuns. In English it would be something like “nun” or “sister.”

American Black Chamber

“Black Chamber” was the name used in Europe for the government section involved in codebreaking and illicit reading of private (especially diplomatic) communications. The American govenment did not set up it's own black chamber until after World War I.

The American Black Chamber (actually the Cipher Bureau) was a group of codebreakers working for the United States government (with funding from the Army and the State Department) between July 1917 and October 1929, headed by Herbert O. Yardley (pg 307). Cracking Japanese codes was a priority. Kahn ([kahn_2004], pg 62) states:

The most important target was Japan. Its belligerence toward China jeopardized America's Open Door policy. Its emigrants exacerbated American racism. Its naval growth menaced American power in the western Pacific. Its commercial expansion threatened American dominance of Far Eastern markets.

After close to a year, Yardley and his staff finally managed to break the Japanese codes and were still reading Japanese diplomatic traffic when Washington hosted the Washington Naval Conference in 1921. The information the the Cipher Bureau provided the American delegation was instrumental in getting the Japanese side to agree to a 10:6 ratio instead of the 10:7 ratio the Japanese wanted. This was the hight of Yardley's cryptanalytic career.

The Japanese Navy was not happy with the treaty and when several years later Yardley described the whole incident in his book The American Black Chamber (pg. 23), the Japanese were not amused.

Despite their success at the Washington Conference, the truth of the matter is that Yardley and his codebreakers were not as good as Yardley believed them to be. Japanese government codes were rediculously weak in the early 1920s. The real difficulty probably lay in the Japanese language, not the Japanese codes – for several months after its founding, the American Black Chamber had no one with a good command of Japanese. British codebreakers at the time considered Japanese codes hardly worth the name.

Unfortunately, for the men and women of the Cipher Bureau the flow of diplomatic telegrams dried up as companies became less willing to break the law to help the government. In Washington, William Friedman was actively exploring cryptographic frontiers for the Army – the Cipher Bureau was becoming irrelevant. However, it was moral indignation that finally doomed the bureau. Henry L. Stimpson was Secretary of State under President Hoover. When he found out about the Cipher Bureau, he was furious and withdrew funding, summing up his argument with “Gentlemen do not read each other's mail.”

The Cipher Bureau closed its doors for good on 31 October 1929 – just two days after the stock market crashed and the Great Depression began.

Sources and Suggested Reading

The American Black Chamber by Herbert O. Yardley, [yardley_1931]

The Codebreakers by David Kahn [kahn_1996]

Angō Kaidoku Nyūmon by Toshio Takagawa, [takagawa_2003]

The Reader of Gentlemen's Mail by David Kahn, [kahn_2004]

See also:

American Black Chamber, The (pg 23), Five-Powers Treaty (pg 83), Washington Naval Conference (pg 304), Yardley, Herbert O. (pg 307),

American Black Chamber, The

A book by Herbert O. Yardley (pg 307), published in 1931, dealing with American efforts to read the communications of other countries. A large part of it is devoted to describing how Yardley and his codebreakers managed to read Japanese government codes and the advantage this gave to the American side at the Washington Naval Conference.

Sources and Suggested Reading

The American Black Chamber by Herbert O. Yardley, [yardley_1931]

The Codebreakers by David Kahn [kahn_1996]

Angō Kaidoku Nyūmon by Toshio Takagawa, [takagawa_2003]

The Reader of Gentlemen's Mail by David Kahn, [kahn_2004]

See Also

American Black Chamber (pg 22), Kowalewski, Jan (pg 171), Yardley, Herbert O. (pg 307), Washington Naval Conference (pg 304)

Anarchism

Kōtoku Shūsui led the anarchist movement until his death in 1911. It continued under Ōsugi Sakae until his murder in 1923. Both men were anarcho-syndicalists and advocated direct action by workers.

Anarchists were at odds with other socialist groups. With the success of the Russian Revolution and the death of Ōsugi, communist groups took control of the labor unions away from the anarcho-syndicalists.

See Also

Ōsugi Sakae (pg 234), Kōtoku Shūsui (pg. 170), Red Flag Incident (pg. 238),

Anayama Nobukimi

Lived 1541 to 1582.

aka Baisetsu Nobukimi.

Ando Chikasue

Ando Morinari

Ando Shigenaga

Ando Shigenobu

Lived 1558 to 1622

Anegakoji Family

Anegakoji Koretsuna

Lived 1540 to 1587

Anegakoji Yoshiyori

Died 1571

Anegawa, Battle of

Took place in 1570.

Oda Nobunaga, with Tokugawa Ieyasu and Inaba Ittetsu, fought the combined forces of Asai Nagamasa and Asakura Yoshikage. Tokugawa forces engaged the Asakura while Oda forces dealt with the Asai.

The Tokugawa forces finished off the Asakura and then turned and hit the Asai's right flank. Inaba had been held in reserve, came forward and hit the Asai left flank.

see also:

Oda Nobunaga (pg. X), Tokugawa Ieyasu (pg. X), Inaba Ittetsu (pg. X), Asai Nagamasa (pg. X), Asakura Yoshikage (pg. X)

An'ei

Nengō: 1772--1780

Angen

Nengō: 1175--1176

Ankan-tennō

The 27th Emperor of Japan.

Reigned 531 to 535.

Ankokuji Ekei

Died 1600.

Ankō-tennō

The 20th Emperor of Japan.

Reigned from 453 to 456.

Anna

Nengō: 968--969.

Annei-tennō

The 3rd Emperor of Japan.

Reigned 549 to 511 B.C.

Ansei Purge

A purge, in 1858--1859, of over 100 people from the bakufu, various han, and the Imperial court. Eight of those `purged' were also executed. It was carried out by Ii Naosuke in an effort to quiet opposition to his handling of the question of shōgunal succession and the signing of the U.S.-Japan Treaty of Amity and Commerce.

(Todo: Add more details on the succession dispute and the people who were purged.)

see also:

Ii Naosuke (pg. X), U.S.-Japan Treaty of Amity and Commerce (pg. X),

Ansei

Nengō: 1854--1859

Ansei Treaties

See U.S.-Japan Treaty of Amity and Commerce on page XREF

Antei

Nengō: 1227--1228

Antoku-tennō

The 81st emperor of Japan.

Reigned from 1180 to 1183.

There were two nengō during his reign, Yōwa (pg XREF) which lasted from 1181 to 1182 and Juei (pg XREF), from 1182 to 1183.

Anwa

Nengō: 968--969

Aoki Kazuo

Finance Minister in Abe Nobuyuki's cabinet, from 30 August 1939 to 16January 1940.

Aoki Shigekane

Aomori City

The capital of Aomori Prefecture.

Aomori Prefecture

Area: 9,605 km2 (1995)

Capital: Aomori

Population: 1,510,000 (1996)

Aoyama Tadanari

Aoyama Yukinari

Arahata Kanson

Lived 1887 to 1981

aka Arahata Katsuzo

Mr. Arahata participated in many of the socialist movements in his career. He started as a socialist, became an syndico-anarchist and eventually a communist and ended up serving in the Diet as a representative of the postwar Japan Socialist Party.

Arahata was from Yokohama.

He joined the Heiminsha in 1904 and was among those arrested for the Red Flag Incident of 1908.

Arahata published Kindai Shiso with Osugi Sakae.

He was member of the first Central Committee of the Japan Communist Party.

Belonged to the Rono Faction.

He was on the Central Executive Committee of the Japan Socialist Party from 1946 to 1948.

Served in the Diet from 1946 to 1949 and spent his time after that writing.

see also:

Heiminsha (pg. X), Red Flag Incident (pg. X), Kindai Shiso (pg. X), Ōsugi Sakae (pg. X), Japan Communist Party (pg. X), Rono Faction (pg. X), Japan Socialist Party (pg. X), Socialism (pg. X), Anarchism (pg. X),

Araki Murashige

Araki Sadao

Born 26 May 1877 to 2 Nov. 1966.

Soldier.

Originally from Tokyo.

Sadao was a leading member of the “Imperial Way Faction” (Kodoha). He was put on the reserve list as a result of the February 26 Uprising.

Minister of Education from 1938 to 1939.

He was tried as a “Class A” war criminal and sentenced to life.

Released from prison in 1955 for health reasons.

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Inukai	War	Dec 13, 1931	May 26, 1932
Saitō	War	May 26, 1932	Jan 23, 1934
1st Konoe	Education	May 26, 1938	Jan 5, 1939
Hiranuma	Education	Jan 5, 1939	Aug 30, 1939

Table 5Cabinet Positions Held by Araki Sadao

see also:

February 26 Revolt (pg. X), Imperial Way Faction (pg. X), War Crimes, Class A (pg. X),

Arima Harunobu

Possibly born in 1561. Died on 6 May 1612.

Arima Naozumi

Arima Tadayori

Arima Toyouji

Lived 1570 to 1642.

Arima Yoshisada

Lived 1521 to 1576.

Arquebus

Asahina Yasutomo

Asai Family

Asai Sukemasa --> Hisamasa --> Nagamasa

Asai Hisamasa

Lived 1524 to 1673.

The son of Asai Sukemasa. Lost to the Sasaki and retired in favor of his son Nagamasa.

Asai Nagamasa

Lived 1545 to 28 Aug. 1573.

Son of Asai Hisamasa, from whom he took over in (year??). Nagamasa successfully battled both Rokkaku Yoshitaka and Saitō Tatsuoki.

Married Oda Nobunaga's sister but later joined the Asakura family and the monks of Mt. Hiei against Nobunaga. Nagamasa was defeated by Oda and Tokugawa Ieyasu at the battle of Anegawa in 1570.

In 1573, Oda laid siege to Nagamasa's castle at Odani. Unfortunately for Nagamasa, he was there at the time. He committed suicide and in exchange, Oda spared Nagamasa's family (which of course included his---Nobunaga's---own sister).

Three of Nagamasa's daughters are famous for marrying famous men.

see also:

Asai Hisamasa (pg. X), Rokkaku Yoshitaka (pg. X), Saitō Tatsuoki (pg. X), Oda Nobunaga (pg. X), Tokugawa Ieyasu (pg. X), Odani, Seige of (pg. X), Asakura Family (pg. X), Anegawa, Battle of (pg. X),

Asai Sukemasa

Lived 1495 to 1546.

Father of Asai Hisamasa. Built Odani Castle. Fought the Sasaki family.

Asakura Family

Asakura Hirokage

Asakura Kageakira

Lived 1529 to 1574.

Asakura Kagetake

Asakura Nobumasa

Lived 1583 to 1637.

Asakura Norikage

Lived 1474 to 1552.

Asakura Sadakage

Lived 1473 to 1512.

Asakura Takakage

Lived 1493 to 1546.

Asakura Toshikage

Died 1475?

Lived 1428 to 1481?

Asakura Yoshikage

Lived 24 Sept. 1533 to 20 Aug. 1573.

Asano Family

Asano Nagaakira

Lived 1586 to 1632.

Asano Nagamasa

Lived 1546 to 1610.

Asano Naganori

Lived 1667 to 1701.

Asano Nagatsune

Died 1719.

Asano Shoichirō

Lived 1848 to 1930

Businessman. From a samurai family in the Toyama region. Purchased Fukagawa Cement Works from the government in 1884, with help from Shibusawa Eiichi. Diversified his business interests, which eventually became a minor zaibatsu. Without a bank, it remained minor.

see also:

Fukagawa Cement Works (pg. X), Shibusawa Eiichi (pg. X), Zaibatsu (pg. X)

Asano Yukinaga

Lived 1576 to 1613.

Asari Umanosuke

Ashida Hitoshi

Lived 1887 to 1959.

Was Prime Minister from 10 March 1948 to 15 October 1948. He replaced Katayama Tetsu and was replaced by Yoshida Shigeru.

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Shidehara	Welfare	Oct 9, 1945	May 22, 1946
Katayama	Foreign Affairs	Jun 1, 1947	Mar 10, 1948
Ashida	Foreign Affairs	Mar 10, 1948	Oct 15, 1948
Ashida Hitoshi	Prime Minister	Mar 10, 1948	Oct 15, 1948

Table 6Cabinet Positions Held by Ashida Hitoshi

Cabinet

Name	Position	From	To
Ashida Hitoshi	Prime Minister	Mar 10, 1948	Oct 15, 1948
Nagae Kazuo	Agriculture & Forestry	Mar 10, 1948	Oct 15, 1948
Suzuki Yoshio	Attorney General	Mar 10, 1948	Oct 15, 1948
Tomabechi Gizō	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	Mar 10, 1948	Oct 15, 1948
Mizutani Chōzaburō	Commerce & Industry	Mar 10, 1948	Oct 15, 1948
Tomoyoshi Eiji	Communications	Mar 10, 1948	Oct 15, 1948
Hitotsumatsu Sadayoshi	Construction	Jul 10, 1948	Oct 15, 1948
Morito Tatsuo (sp?)	Education	Mar 10, 1948	Oct 15, 1948
Kitamura Tokutarō	Finance	Mar 10, 1948	Oct 15, 1948
Ashida Hitoshi	Foreign Affairs	Mar 10, 1948	Oct 15, 1948
Katō Kanjū	Labor	Mar 10, 1948	Oct 15, 1948
Nomizo Masaru	State: Chairman of the Local Finance Committee	Mar 10, 1948	Oct 15, 1948
Funada Kyōji	State: Director of Administrative Management Agency	Mar 10, 1948	Oct 15, 1948
Kurusu Takeo	State: Director of Central Economic Investigation Agency	Aug 1, 1948	Oct 15, 1948
Kurusu Takeo	State: Director of Economic Stabilization Board & Director of Price Board	Mar 10, 1948	Oct 15, 1948
Funada Kyōji	State: Director of Reparations Agency	Mar 10, 1948	Oct 15, 1948
Hitotsumatsu Sadayoshi	State: President of Construction Board	Mar 10, 1948	Jul 9, 1948
Nishio Suehiro	State: Without Portfolio	Mar 10, 1948	Jul 6, 1948
Tomabechi Gizō	State: Without Portfolio	Mar 10, 1948	Oct 15, 1948
Okada Seiichi	Transport	Mar 10, 1948	Oct 15, 1948
Takeda Giichi	Welfare	Mar 10, 1948	Oct 15, 1948

Table 7Ashida Hitoshi's Cabinet

see also:

Katayama Tetsu (pg. X), Yoshida Shigeru (pg. X)

Ashigaru

Ashikaga Chachamaru

Died 1490.

Ashikaga Masatomo

Lived 12 July 1435 to 5 April 1491.

Ashikaga Shōgunate

The Ashikaga Shōgunate was founded by Ashikaga Takauji in 1338. It lasted in theory until 1573 although in reality the Shōgun had lost control of most of the country long before that.

see also:

Ashikaga Takauji (pg. X), Ashikaga Yoshiaki (pg. X), Oda Nobunaga (pg. X), List of Ashigaka Shōgun (pg. X),

Ashikaga Tadayoshi

Lived 1306 to 26 Feb. 1352.

Ashikaga Takauji

The 1st Ashikaga shōgun.

Lived 1305 to 30 April 1358.

Ruled 11 Aug. 1338 to 30 April 1358.

Son of Ashikaga Sadauji.

Fought in the Genkō War (1331--1333).

Turned against the Hōjō and took Rokuhara (who, what, and where?). For which he was granted Musashi, Shimōsa, Hitachi.

Defeated Hōjō Tokiyuki and took Kamakura. Declared himself shōgun. Lost to Nitta Yoshisada in Mikawa and Suruga.

Beat someone in the mountains in Hakone which helped him rally other daimyō to his cause. Later took Kyoto. Lost Kyoto to Kitabatake Akiie, Nitta Yoshisada, and Kusunoki Masashige (among others). Lost again near Hyōgo and fled to Kyūshū.

Defeated Kikuchi Taketoshi at Tatara-hama in Chikuzen. Returned to Honshū and defeated Nitta and Kusunoki at Minato-gawa.

Entered Kyoto, deposed Go-Daigo and installed Kōmyō as Emperor. Go-Daigo fled and established the southern court. Takauji spent the rest of his life fighting against samurai loyal to the southern emperor.

Ashikaga Takauji established the Ashigaka Shogunate, which lasted, in theory, until 1573. In practice, the Ashikaga Shogun lost much of their power long before then.

The period of Ashikaga rule is also known as the Muromachi period.

Ashikaga Yoshiakira

Lived 18 June 1330 to 7 Dec. 1367.

Ruled 8 Dec. 1358 to 7 Dec. 1367.

The 2nd Ashikaga shōgun.

Ashikaga Yoshiaki

Lived 3 Nov. 1537 to 28 Aug. 1597.

Ruled 18 Oct. 1568 to 18 July 1573.

15th Ashikaga Shogun

Yoshiaki was installed in 1567 as the 15th Ashikaga Shōgun by Oda Nobunaga. Yoshiaki was not quite as tame as Nobunaga thought however – Yoshiaki conspired with Takeda Shingen to free himself from Oda's control. Nobunaga deposed Yoshiaki in 1673 and didn't bother replacing him, which is a pretty good indication of just how powerless / meaningless the Shōgunate had become.

Ashikaga Yoshiharu

Lived 5 March 1511 to 4 May 1550.

Ruled 25 Dec. 1521 to 20 Dec. 1545.

12th Ashikaga Shogun. First son of Ashikaga Yoshizumi.

Powerless. Controlled by the daimyo. Eventually forced to flee. (Why? From whom? To where?)

Ashikaga Yoshihide

Lived 1564 to 1568

Ruled 1568--1568

14th Ashikaga Shogun

Chosen (by whom?) as a two year old to replace Yoshiteru, but did not get Oda Nobunaga's support. With such a powerful daimyo against him, Yoshihide had no hope of ever getting to rule (never mind his age). His handlers fled, taking him with them of course, and Yoshihide died at the tender age of four.

Who was behind him, pulling the strings in his name? Seriously, there is no way a two year old was deciding anything. Was it his mother or a grandparent? A cousin or some faction at court? Obviously he had to have had some support from a few daimyo, but which ones and why?

Ashikaga Yoshihisa

Lived 23 Nov. 1465 to 26 March 1489.

Ruled 19 Dec. 1474 to 26 March 1489.

The 9th Ashikaga shōgun. The first son of Ashikaga Yoshimasa.

Ashikaga Yoshikatsu

Lived 9 Feb. 1434 to 21 July 1443.

Ruled 7 Nov. 1442 to 21 July 1443.

The 7th Ashikaga shōgun. The first son of Ashikaga Yoshinori.

Ashikaga Yoshikazu

Lived 24 July 1407 to 27 Feb. 1425.

Ruled 18 March 1423 to 27 Feb. 1425.

The 5th Ashikaga shōgun. Son of Ashikaga Yoshimochi.

Ashikaga Yoshimasa

Lived 2 Jan. 1436 to 7 Jan. 1490.

Ruled 29 April 1449 to 19 Dec. 1473.

The 8th Ashikaga Shogun. Son of Ashikaga Yoshinori, who was the 6th Ashikaga Shogun.

Yoshimasa was also known as Yoshishige.

Yoshimasa was shōgun during the Ōnin War which ravaged Kyoto.

He build the Ginkakuji.

Ashikaga Yoshimitsu

Lived 22 Aug. 1358 to 6 May 1408.

Ruled 30 Dec. 1368 to 17 Dec. 1394.

The 3rd Ashikaga Shogun. Son of Yoshiakira, the second shōgun.

Ended the Nambokuchō War.

Build the Kinkakuji.

Ashikaga Yoshimochi

Lived 12 Feb. 1386 to 18 Jan. 1428.

Ruled 17 Dec. 1394 to 18 March 1423.

The 4th Ashikaga shōgun. Son of Yoshimitsu, the third shōgun.

Ashikaga Yoshinori

Lived 13 June 1394 to 24 June 1441.

Ruled 15 March 1429 to 24 June 1441.

The 6th Ashikaga shōgun. Son of Yoshimitsu, the third shōgun.

Ashikaga Yoshitane

Lived 30 July 1466 to 9 April 1523.

Ruled 5 July 1490 to 29 June 1493. And again from 1 July 1508 to 25 Dec. 1521.

Yoshitane was the 10th and 12th Ashikaga Shōgun.

Also known as Yoshiki or Yoshitada.

Yoshitane lost (to whom?) at Shōgakuji in 1491 (?). He fled and was replaced by Ashikaga Yoshizumi (page XXX).

Ashikaga Yoshiteru

Lived 10 March 1536 to 19 May 1565.

Ruled 20 Dec. 1546 to 19 May 1565.

The 13th Ashikaga Shogun. First son of Yoshiharu, the twelfth shōgun.

Yoshiteru allied with Hosokawa Harumoto.

Was attacked by Miyoshi Chōkei and Matsunaga Hisahide, lost and committed suicide.

Ashikaga Yoshizumi

Lived 15 Dec. 1480 to 14 Aug. 1511.

Ruled 27 Dec. 1494 to 16 April 1508.

11th Ashikaga Shogun.

Replaced Yoshitane in 1491 but later Yoshitane replaced him.

Ashina Family

Ashina Morikiyo

Lived 1490 to 1553.

Ashina Morishige

Ashina Moritaka

Lived 1560 to 1583

Ashina Moriuji

Lived 1521 to 1580.

Aso Family

Aso Hisashi

Lived 1891 to 1940.

Aso Koretoyo

Lived 1543 to 1584.

Atagi Fuyuyasu

Died 1564.

Atagi Nobuyasu

Atobe Katsusuke

Lived 1529 to 1582.

Atsuji Sadahise

Awaji Province

The island of Awaji, between Honshū and Shikoku. Today it is part of Hyōgo Prefecture.

see also:

Hyōgo (pg. X),

Ayukawa Kiyonaga

Ayukawa Yoshisuke

Lived 6 Nov. 1880 to 13 Feb. 1967.

Also known as Aikawa Yoshisuke.

A businessman (check that) and politician originally from Yamaguchi Prefecture.

Azukizaka, Battle of (1542)

Took place in 1542.

Oda Nobuhide defeated Imagawa Yoshimoto.

see also:

Oda Nobunaga (pg. X),

Imagawa Yoshimoto (pg. X),

Azukizawa, Battle of (1564) (pg. X),

Azukizaka, Battle of (1564)

Took place in 1564.

Tokugawa Ieyasu fought the Ikkō-ikki (pg. X).

Baba Family – Buzen Province

Baba Family

Baba Nobufusa

Baba Nobuharu

Died 1582

Baba Nobukatsu

Lived 1514 to 1575

Baba Nobushige

Baba Tatsui

Lived 15 May 1850 to 1 Nov. 1888.

Baba Torasada

Bakin

aka Kyokutei Bakin

Lived 1767 to 1848

Bakumatsu

Japanese: 幕末

The name given to the last years of the Tokugawa Shōgunate.

Ban Kokei

Lived 1733 to 1806

Ban Nobutomo

Lived 1775 to 1848

Battles

Rather than list every single battle in the history of Japan with a redirect to another page, there is just this one. Battles are listed in `(Name), Battle of' form so look under `name' instead. Thus the Battle of Sekigahara is found under `Sekigahara, Battle of' in the S's.

The index also has a listing of all the battles under their entry names as well as a long list under `Battles'.

Bekki Shozaemon

aka Betsuki Shozaemon??

Died 21 Sep 1652.

Ben En

Died 1279

Bengyoku

aka Kei-a Shonin

Lived 1818 to 1880

Benkei

aka Musashi-bo

Died 1189

Warrior and retainer of Minamoto Yoshitsune. Famous for his martial exploits.

see also:

Minamoto Yoshitsune (pg. X),

Ben no Naishi

Benten

aka Benzaiten

Bessho Family

Bessho Harusada

Bessho Nagaharu

Lived 1558 to 1580

Bessho Toyoharu

Bifuku Mon-in

aka Fujiwara Toku-ko

Lived 1117 to 1160

Bingo Province

A province on the Inland Sea side of western Honshū, in what is today Hiroshima Prefecture. Bingo bordered on Bitchū, Hōki, Izumo, Iwami, and Aki Provinces.

see also:

Hiroshima Prefecture (pg. X), Aki Province (pg. X), Bitchū Province (pg. X), Hōki Province (pg. X), Iwaki Province (pg. X), Izumo Province (pg. X), Mimasaka Province (pg. X)

Bingo no Saburo

aka Kojima Takanori

Bishamon

Bitatsu-tennō

aka Osada,

aka Nunakurafutotama-shiki

Reigned 572 to 585.

The 30th Emperor of Japan.

Bitchū Province

A province on the Inland Sea side of western Honshū, in what is today Okayama Prefecture. Bitchū bordered on Hōki, Mimasaki, Bizen, and Bingo Provinces.

See Also

Okayama Prefecture (pg. X), Bingo Province (pg. X), Bizen Province (pg. X), Hōki Province (pg. X), Mimasaka Province (pg. X)

Bitō Family

Bitō Nishu

Lived 1745 to 1813

Bizen Province

A province on the Inland Sea side of Honshū, in what is today Okayama Prefecture. Bizen borders on Mimasaki, Harima, and Bitchū Provinces.

see also:

Okayama Prefecture (pg. X),

Bitchū Province (pg. X),

Harima Province (pg. X),

Mimasaka Province (pg. X),

Bojo Family

A kuge family descended from Fujiwara Morosuke.

see also:

Fujiwara Family (pg. X),

Fujiwara Morosuke (pg. X),

Bomon Kiyotada

Died 1338.

A member of the kuge class. Son of Fujiwara Toshisuke, Kiyotada worked against Ashikaga Takauji at the court.

Bon

The festival of the dead. Some parts of Japan celebrate Bon (also Obon) in mid-July, others in mid-August.

The spirits of the dead are believed to return to earth at Bon. During this holiday, which generally lasts about three days, many people return to their hometowns to visit their families and say hello to their ancestors.

Buddhism

Bukkyo in Japanese. One of the two main religious influences on Japanese culture (Shintō is the other).

The man known as the Buddha lived around 550 B.C. in India and before he died he started a religion whose impact on Asia cannot be measured. Although it eventually died out in its native India, Buddhism spread to Nepal, Tibet, China, Korea, and Japan, as well as the countries of South East Asia. Buddhism was already over a thousand years old when it reached Japan and had changed considerably in those years.

The Buddha was concerned with just one thing --- how to end suffering. Indians back then, like many today, believed that all living things are reborn in a constant cycle of birth and death. The Buddha also believed this and concluded that if we could break free from this cycle, we could end the suffering that goes with living. His Four Noble Truths sum it up better than I can:

All existence is suffering.

Suffering is caused by desire.

If you end desire then you end suffering.

Following the Eight Fold Path will enable you to end desire.

The Eight Fold Path describes the proper way to live to achieve enlightenment. It is not an easy path, and in theory it could take you several lifetimes to finally transcend the cycle of birth and death. The path demands great sacrifice and discipline. Obviously such a seemingly pessimistic and difficult religion is going to have some public relations problems. Joe (and Jane) Layman doesn't have enough spare time to spend hours sitting on his butt meditating. Neither are most people real interested in giving up married life. So why has Buddhism been so popular? The answer is simple: in Tibet and China it mixed with local shamanistic ideas and practices to become a “Big Vehicle” offering rituals and prayers to comfort the common people and offer them some hope of salvation in this lifetime. The Buddha himself was deified. Eventually there were a multitude of schools (sects) in East Asia each stressing some element of the Buddha's teachings or those of popular priests after him. In Southeast Asia Buddhism was not exposed to Tibetan or Chinese practices and so has remained much closer to original Buddhism. The Buddhism which cameinto Japan was of the “Big Vehicle” sort. Each class found a school of Buddhism that suited its outlook and station. Thus, the imperial court was drawn to sects heavy in ritual and philosophy. Commoners generally went for the simpler sects which promised them salvation.

The samurai found Zen Buddhism perfectly suited to their needs --- the need to die at anytime without any hesitation.

Add info on the introduction of Buddhism to Japan and the various schools.

Bukeyashiki

aka “Samurai District'', the Bukeyashiki is an area in Kanazawa with old samurai houses from the Tokugawa Period.

see also:

Kanazawa City (pg. X),

Tokugawa Shōgunate (pg. X),

Bukko Kokushi

aka Sogen

Lived 1226 to 1286

Bukkyo

see Buddhism on page XXX.

Bummei

Nengō: 1469--1486

Bumpō

Nengō: 1317--1318.

Bun'an

Nengō: 1444--1448

Bun'ei

Nengō: 1264--1274

Bungo Province

A province in eastern Kyūshū, which bordered on Buzen, Hyūga, Higo, Chikugo, and Chikuzen Provinces. Today the area is Ōita Prefecture.

see also:

Buzen Province (pg. X),

Chikugo Province (pg. X),

Chikuzen Province (pg. X),

Higo Province (pg. X),

Hyūga Province (pg. X),

Ōita Prefecture (pg. X),

Bunji

Nengō: 1185--1189

Bunkan

Died 1357

Bunka

Nengō: 1804--1817

Bunki

Nengō: 1501--1503

Bunkyū

Nengō: 1861--1863.

Bunnan

Nengō: 1444--1448.

aka Bun'an.

Bun'ō

Nengō: 1260.

Bunreki

Nengō: 1234

aka Bunryaku.

Bunroku

Nengō: 1592--1595

Bunryaku

Nengō: 1234

aka Bunreki.

Bunsei

Nengō: 1818--1829

Bunshō

Nengō: 1466.

Buntoku-tennō

see Montoku-tennō on page XXX.

Bunwa

Nengō of the Northern dynasty: 1352--1355

Bunya Family

aka Fumiya Family

Buretsu-tennō

aka Ohatsuse-waka-sasagi.

The 25th Emperor of Japan.

Reigned 499 to 506.

Buson

aka Taniguchi Buson

aka Yosa

Butsu Sorai

aka Ogui Sorai

Lived 1666 to 1728

Buzen Province

A province in northern Kyūshū, which bordered on Bungo and Chikuzen Provinces. Today the area is a part of Fukuoka Prefecture.

Domains (feifs) include Nakatsu, worth 120,000 koku and held by Kuroda Nagamasa prior to the Battle of Sekigahara (he was moved to a bigger domain after that battle).

see also:

Bungo Province (pg. X), Chikuzen Province (pg. X), Fukuoka Prefecture (pg. X), Kuroda Nagamasa (pg. X), Sekigahara, Battle of (pg. X)

Chang Tso-lin – Currency

Chang Tso-lin

Died 4 June 1928

Chang was a warlord in Northern China. He was assassinated by officers of the Japanese Kwantung army.

Chian

Chiba City

The capital of Chiba Prefecture.

Chiba Family

Chiba Kanetane

Chiba Prefecture

Area: 5,156 km2 (1995)

Capital: Chiba

Population: 5,780,000 (1996)

Chiba Sadatane

Lived 1291 to 1351

Chiba Sanetane

Chiba Shigetane

Chiba Takatane

Chiba Tanenao

Chiba Toshitane

Lived 1528 to 1559

Chiba Tsunetane

Born on the 24th day of the 5th month of 1118.

Died on the 24th day of the 3rd month of 1201.

Chikamatsu Monzaemon

aka Sugimori Nobumori

Lived 1653 to 1724

Chikugo Province

An old province in the area that is today part of Fukuoka Prefecture, on Kyūshū. Chikugo bordered on Hizen, Chikuzen, Bungo, and Higo Provinces.

see also:

Bungo Province (pg. X),

Chikuzen Province (pg. X),

Fukuoka (pg. X),

Higo Province (pg. X),

Hizen Province (pg. X),

Kyūshū (pg. X),

Chikusa Family (daimyo)

Chikusa Family (kuge)

Chikusa Tadaharu

Chikusa Tadamoto

Chikusa Takamichi

Chikuzen Province

Province in the area that is today part of Fukuoka Prefecture on Kyūshū. Chikuzen bordered on Buzen, Bungo, Chikugo, and Hizen.

Domains (feifs) include Najima, worth 520,000 koku and granted to Kuroda Nagamasa after the Battle of Sekigahara.

see also:

Bungo Province (pg. X),

Buzen Province (pg. X),

Chikugo Province (pg. X),

Fukuoka (pg. X),

Hizen Province (pg. X),

Kuroda Nagamasa (pg. X),

Kyūshū (pg. X),

Sekigahara, Battle of (pg. X),

Chiryaku

Chitsu

Cho Densu

aka Mincho

Lived 1352 to 1431.

Chōgen

Nengō: 1028--1036.

Chōhō

Nengō: 999--1003.

Chōji

Nengō: 1104--1105.

Chōjō

Nengō: 1132--1134.

aka Chōshō.

Chōkan

Nengō: 1163--1164.

Chōkei-tennō

The 98th Emperor of Japan.

Reigned 1368 to 1383.

Chōkyō

Nengō: 1487--1488.

Chōkyū

Nengo: 1040--1043.

Chōreki

Nengō: 1037--1039.

aka Chōryaku.

Chōroku

Nengō: 1457--1459.

Chōryaku

Nengō: 1037--1039.

aka Chōreki.

Chōshō

Nengō: 1132--1134.

aka Chōjō.

Chōsokabe Family

Chōsokabe Kunichika

Lived 1504 to 1560.

Chōsokabe Morichika

Lived 1575 to 1615.

Was on the losing side at Sekigahara. He later joined the defenders at Osaka Castle, for which he was beheaded after the castle fell.

Chōsokabe Motochika

Lived 1538 to 19 May 1599.

Chōsokabe Nobuchika

Lived 1565 to 1587.

Chōtoku

Nengō: 995--998.

Cho Tsugutsura

Lived 1522 to 1577.

Cho Tsuratatsu

Chōwa

Nengō: 1012--1016.

Chūai-tennō

The 14th Emperor of Japan.

Chūkyō-tennō

The 85th Emperor of Japan.

Lived 10 Oct. 1218 to 20 May 1234.

Reigned 20 April 1221 to 9 July 1221.

Class `A' War Crimes

See War Crimes, Class A on page XXX

Constitution of 1889

This is a translation of the first constitution of Japan, promulgated in 1889.

CONSTITUTION OF THE EMPIRE OF JAPAN, 1889

Imperial Oath Sworn in the Sanctuary in the Imperial Palace (Tsuge-bumi)

We, the Successor to the prosperous Throne of Our Predecessors, do humbly and solemnly swear to the Imperial Founder of Our House and to Our other Imperial Ancestors that, in pursuance of a great policy co-extensive with the Heavens and with the Earth, We shall maintain and secure from decline the ancient form of government.

In consideration of the progressive tendency of the course of human affairs and in parallel with the advance of civilization, We deem it expedient, in order to give clearness and distinctness to the instructions bequeathed by the Imperial Founder of Our House and by Our other Imperial Ancestors, to establish fundamental laws formulated into express provisions of law, so that, on the one hand, Our Imperial posterity may possess an express guide for the course they are to follow, and that, on the other, Our subjects shall thereby be enabled to enjoy a wider range of action in giving Us their support, and that the observance of Our laws shall continue to the remotest ages of time. We will thereby to give greater firmness to the stability of Our country and to promote the welfare of all the people within the boundaries of Our dominions; and We now establish the Imperial House Law and the Constitution. These Laws come to only an exposition of grand precepts for the conduct of the government, bequeathed by the Imperial Founder of Our House and by Our other Imperial Ancestors. That we have been so fortunate in Our reign, in keeping with the tendency of the times, as to accomplish this work, We owe to the glorious Spirits of the Imperial Founder of Our House and of Our other Imperial Ancestors.

We now reverently make Our prayer to Them and to Our Illustrious Father, and implore the help of Their Sacred Spirits, and make to Them solemn oath never at this time nor in the future to fail to be an example to our subjects in the observance of the Laws hereby established.

May the heavenly Spirits witness this Our solemn Oath.

Imperial Rescript on the Promulgation of the Constitution

Whereas We make it the joy and glory of Our heart to behold the prosperity of Our country, and the welfare of Our subjects, We do hereby, in virtue of the Supreme power We inherit from Our Imperial Ancestors, promulgate the present immutable fundamental law, for the sake of Our present subjects and their descendants.

The Imperial Founder of Our House and Our other Imperial ancestors, by the help and support of the forefathers of Our subjects, laid the foundation of Our Empire upon a basis, which is to last forever. That this brilliant achievement embellishes the annals of Our country, is due to the glorious virtues of Our Sacred Imperial ancestors, and to the loyalty and bravery of Our subjects, their love of their country and their public spirit. Considering that Our subjects are the descendants of the loyal and good subjects of Our Imperial Ancestors, We doubt not but that Our subjects will be guided by Our views, and will sympathize with all Our endeavors, and that, harmoniously cooperating together, they will share with Us Our hope of making manifest the glory of Our country, both at home and abroad, and of securing forever the stability of the work bequeathed to Us by Our Imperial Ancestors.

Preamble (or Edict) (Joyu)

Having, by virtue of the glories of Our Ancestors, ascended the throne of a lineal succession unbroken for ages eternal; desiring to promote the welfare of, and to give development to the moral and intellectual faculties of Our beloved subjects, the very same that have been favored with the benevolent care and affectionate vigilance of Our Ancestors; and hoping to maintain the prosperity of the State, in concert with Our people and with their support, We hereby promulgate, in pursuance of Our Imperial Rescript of the 12th day of the 10th month of the 14th year of Meiji, a fundamental law of the State, to exhibit the principles, by which We are guided in Our conduct, and to point out to what Our descendants and Our subjects and their descendants are forever to conform.

The right of sovereignty of the State, We have inherited from Our Ancestors, and We shall bequeath them to Our descendants. Neither We nor they shall in the future fail to wield them, in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution hereby granted.

We now declare to respect and protect the security of the rights and of the property of Our people, and to secure to them the complete enjoyment of the same, within the extent of the provisions of the present Constitution and of the law.

The Imperial Diet shall first be convoked for the 23rd year of Meiji and the time of its opening shall be the date, when the present Constitution comes into force.

When in the future it may become necessary to amend any of the provisions of the present Constitution, We or Our successors shall assume the initiative right, and submit a project for the same to the Imperial Diet. The Imperial Diet shall pass its vote upon it, according to the conditions imposed by the present Constitution, and in no otherwise shall Our descendants or Our subjects be permitted to attempt any alteration thereof.

Our Ministers of State, on Our behalf, shall be held responsible for the carrying out of the present Constitution, and Our present and future subjects shall forever assume the duty of allegiance to the present Constitution.

I. THE EMPEROR

Article 1. The Empire of Japan shall be reigned over and governed by a line of Emperors unbroken for ages eternal.

Article 2. The Imperial Throne shall be succeeded to by Imperial male descendants, according to the provisions of the Imperial House Law.

Article 3. The Emperor is sacred and inviolable.

Article 4. The Emperor is the head of the Empire, combining in Himself the rights of sovereignty, and exercises them, according to the provisions of the present Constitution.

Article 5. The Emperor exercises the legislative power with the consent of the Imperial Diet.

Article 6. The Emperor gives sanction to laws, and orders them to be promulgated and executed.

Article 7. The Emperor convokes the Imperial Diet, opens, closes, and prorogues it, and dissolves the House of Representatives.

Article 8. The Emperor, in consequence of an urgent necessity to maintain public safety or to avert public calamities, issues, when the Imperial Diet is not sitting, Imperial ordinances in the place of law.

(2) Such Imperial Ordinances are to be laid before the Imperial Diet at its next session, and when the Diet does not approve the said Ordinances, the Government shall declare them to be invalid for the future.

Article 9. The Emperor issues or causes to be issued, the Ordinances necessary for the carrying out of the laws, or for the maintenance of the public peace and order, and for the promotion of the welfare of the subjects. But no Ordinance shall in any way alter any of the existing laws.

Article 10. The Emperor determines the organization of the different branches of the administration, and salaries of all civil and military officers, and appoints and dismisses the same. Exceptions especially provided for in the present Constitution or in other laws, shall be in accordance with the respective provisions (bearing thereon).

Article 11. The Emperor has the supreme command of the Army and Navy.

Article 12. The Emperor determines the organization and peace standing of the Army and Navy.

Article 13. The Emperor declares war, makes peace, and concludes treaties.

Article 14. The Emperor declares a state of siege.

(2) The conditions and effects of a state of siege shall be determined by law.

Article 15. The Emperor confers titles of nobility, rank, orders and other marks of honor.

Article 16. The Emperor orders amnesty, pardon, commutation of punishments and rehabilitation.

Article 17. A Regency shall be instituted in conformity with the provisions of the Imperial House Law.

(2) The Regent shall exercise the powers appertaining to the Emperor in His name.

II. RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF SUBJECTS

Article 18. The conditions necessary for being a Japanese subject shall be determined by law.

Article 19. Japanese subjects may, according to qualifications determined in laws or ordinances, be appointed to civil or military or any other public offices equally.

Article 20. Japanese subjects are amenable to service in the Army or Navy, according to the provisions of law.

Article 21. Japanese subjects are amenable to the duty of paying taxes, according to the provisions of law.

Article 22. Japanese subjects shall have the liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits of the law.

Article 23. No Japanese subject shall be arrested, detained, tried or punished, unless according to law.

Article 24. No Japanese subject shall be deprived of his right of being tried by the judges determined by law.

Article 25. Except in the cases provided for in the law, the house of no Japanese subject shall be entered or searched without his consent.

Article 26. Except in the cases mentioned in the law, the secrecy of the letters of every Japanese subject shall remain inviolate.

Article 27. The right of property of every Japanese subject shall remain inviolate.

(2) Measures necessary to be taken for the public benefit shall be any provided for by law.

Article 28. Japanese subjects shall, within limits not prejudicial to peace and order, and not antagonistic to theirduties as subjects, enjoy freedom of religious belief.

Article 29. Japanese subjects shall, within the limits of law, enjoy the liberty of speech, writing, publication, public meetings and associations.

Article 30. Japanese subjects may present petitions, by observing the proper forms of respect, and by complying with the rules specially provided for the same.

Article 31. The provisions contained in the present Chapter shall not affect the exercises of the powers appertaining to the Emperor, in times of war or in cases of a national emergency.

Article 32. Each and every one of the provisions contained in the preceding Articles of the present Chapter, that are not inconflict with the laws or the rules and discipline of the Army and Navy, shall apply to the officers and men of the Army and of the Navy.

III. THE IMPERIAL DIET

Article 33. The Imperial Diet shall consist of two Houses, a House of Peers and a House of Representatives.

Article 34. The House of Peers shall, in accordance with the ordinance concerning the House of Peers, be composed of the members of the Imperial Family, of the orders of nobility, and of those who have been nominated thereto by the Emperor.

Article 35. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members elected by the people, according to the provisions of the law of Election.

Article 36. No one can at one and the same time be a Member of both Houses.

Article 37. Every law requires the consent of the Imperial Diet.

Article 38. Both Houses shall vote upon projects of law submitted to it by the Government, and may respectively initiate projects of law.

Article 39. A Bill, which has been rejected by either the one or the other of the two Houses, shall not be brought in again during the same session.

Article 40. Both Houses can make representations to the Government, as to laws or upon any other subject. When, however, such representations are not accepted, they cannot be made a second time during the same session.

Article 41. The Imperial Diet shall be convoked every year.

Article 42. A session of the Imperial Diet shall last during three months. In case of necessity, the duration of a session may be prolonged by the Imperial Order.

Article 43. When urgent necessity arises, an extraordinary session may be convoked in addition to the ordinary one.

(2) The duration of an extraordinary session shall be determined by Imperial Order.

Article 44. The opening, closing, prolongation of session and prorogation of the Imperial Diet, shall be effected simultaneously for both Houses.

(2) In case the House of Representatives has been ordered to dissolve, the House of Peers shall at the same time be prorogued.

Article 45. When the House of Representatives has been ordered to dissolve, Members shall be caused by Imperial Order to be newly elected, and the new House shall be convoked within five months from the day of dissolution.

Article 46. No debate can be opened and no vote can be taken in either House of the Imperial Diet, unless not less than one-third of the whole number of Members thereof is present.

Article 47. Votes shall be taken in both Houses by absolute majority. In the case of a tie vote, the President shall have the casting vote.

Article 48. The deliberations of both Houses shall be held in public. The deliberations may, however, upon demand of the Government or by resolution of the House, be held in secret sitting.

Article 49. Both Houses of the Imperial Diet may respectively present addresses to the Emperor.

Article 50. Both Houses may receive petitions presented by subjects.

Article 51. Both Houses may enact, besides what is provided for in the present Constitution and in the Law of the Houses, rules necessary for the management of their internal affairs.

Article 52. No Member of either House shall be held responsible outside the respective Houses, for any opinion uttered or for any vote given in the House. When, however, a Member himself has given publicity to his opinions by public speech, by documents in print or in writing, or by any other similar means, he shall, in the matter, be amenable to the general law.

Article 53. The Members of both Houses shall, during the session, be free from arrest, unless with the consent of the House, except in cases of flagrant delicts, or of offenses connected with a state of internal commotion or with a foreign trouble.

Article 54. The Ministers of State and the Delegates of the Government may, at any time, take seats and speak in either House.

IV. THE MINISTERS OF STATE AND THE PRIVY COUNCIL

Article 55. The respective Ministers of State shall give their advice to the Emperor, and be responsible for it.

(2) All Laws, Imperial Ordinances, and Imperial Rescripts of whatever kind, that relate to the affairs of the state, require the countersignature of a Minister of State.

Article 56. The Privy Councillors shall, in accordance with the provisions for the organization of the Privy Council, deliberate upon important matters of State when they have been consulted by the Emperor.

V. THE JUDICATURE

Article 57. The Judicature shall be exercised by the Courts of Law according to law, in the name of the Emperor.

(2) The organization of the Courts of Law shall be determined by law.

Article 58. The judges shall be appointed from among those, who possess proper qualifications according to law.

(2) No judge shall be deprived of his position, unless by way of criminal sentence or disciplinary punishment.

(3) Rules for disciplinary punishment shall be determined by law.

Article 59. Trials and judgments of a Court shall be conducted publicly. When, however, there exists any fear, that such publicity may be prejudicial to peace and order, or to the maintenance of public morality, the public trial may be suspended by provisions of law or by the decision of the Court of Law.

Article 60. All matters that fall within the competency of a special Court, shall be specially provided for by law.

Article 61. No suit at law, which relates to rights alleged to have been infringed by the illegal measures of the administrative authorities, and which shall come within the competency of the Court of Administrative Litigation specially established by law, shall be taken cognizance of by Court of Law.

VI. FINANCE

Article 62. The imposition of a new tax or the modification of the rates (of an existing one) shall be determined by law.

(2) However, all such administrative fees or other revenue having the nature of compensation shall not fall within the category of the above clause.

(3) The raising of national loans and the contracting of other liabilities to the charge of the National Treasury, except those that are provided in the Budget, shall require the consent of the Imperial Diet.

Article 63. The taxes levied at present shall, in so far as they are not remodelled by a new law, be collected according to the old system.

Article 64. The expenditure and revenue of the State require the consent of the Imperial Diet by means of an annual Budget.

(2) Any and all expenditures overpassing the appropriations set forth in the Titles and Paragraphs of the Budget, or that are not provided for in the Budget, shall subsequently require the approbation of the Imperial Diet.

Article 65. The Budget shall be first laid before the House of Representatives.

Article 66. The expenditures of the Imperial House shall be defrayed every year out of the National Treasury, according to the present fixed amount for the same, and shall not require the consent thereto of the Imperial Diet, except in case an increase thereof is found necessary.

Article 67. Those already fixed expenditures based by the Constitution upon the powers appertaining to the Emperor, and such expenditures as may have arisen by the effect of law, or that appertain to the legal obligations of the Government, shall be neither rejected nor reduced by the Imperial Diet, without the concurrence of the Government.

Article 68. In order to meet special requirements, the Government may ask the consent of the Imperial Diet to a certain amount as a Continuing Expenditure Fund, for a previously fixed number of years.

Article 69. In order to supply deficiencies, which are unavoidable, in the Budget, and to meet requirements unprovided for in the same, a Reserve Fund shall be provided in the Budget.

Article 70. When the Imperial Diet cannot be convoked, owing to the external or internal condition of the country, in case of urgent need for the maintenance of public safety, the Government may take all necessary financial measures, by means of an Imperial Ordinance.

(2) In the case mentioned in the preceding clause, the matter shall be submitted to the Imperial Diet at its next session, and its approbation shall be obtained thereto.

Article 71. When the Imperial Diet has not voted on the Budget, or when the Budget has not been brought into actual existence, the Government shall carry out the Budget of the preceding year.

Article 72. The final account of the expenditures and revenues of the State shall be verified and confirmed by the Board of Audit, and it shall be submitted by the Government to the Imperial Diet, together with the report of verification of the said board.

(2) The organization and competency of the Board of Audit shall of determined by law separately.

VII. SUPPLEMENTARY RULES

Article 73. When it has become necessary in future to amend the provisions of the present Constitution, a project to the effect shall be submitted to the Imperial Diet by Imperial Order.

(2) In the above case, neither House can open the debate, unless not less than two-thirds of the whole number of Members are present, and no amendment can be passed, unless a majority of not less than two-thirds of the Members present is obtained.

Article 74. No modification of the Imperial House Law shall be required to be submitted to the deliberation of the Imperial Diet.

(2) No provision of the present Constitution can be modified by the Imperial House Law.

Article 75. No modification can be introduced into the Constitution, or into the Imperial House Law, during the time of a Regency.

Article 76. Existing legal enactments, such as laws, regulations, Ordinances, or by whatever names they may be called, shall, so far as they do not conflict with the present Constitution, continue in force.

(2) All existing contracts or orders, that entail obligations upon the Government, and that are connected with expenditure, shall come within the scope of Article 67.

Constitution of 1946

Japan is a constitutional monarchy. The current constitution was largely written by the Occupation authorities in 1945--1946. It replaced Japan's original constitution, which many people feel had flaws that made it unsuitable for a modern democracy. The original constitution was promulgated in 1889 (see page X.

THE CONSTITUTION OF JAPAN, 1946

Promulgated on November 3, 1946; Put into effect on May 3, 1947.

We, the Japanese people, acting through our duly elected representatives in the National Diet, determined that we shall secure for ourselves and our posterity the fruits of peaceful cooperation with all nations and the blessings of liberty throughout this land, and resolved that never again shall we be visited with the horrors of war through the action of government, do proclaim that sovereign power resides with the people and do firmly establish this Constitution. Government is a sacred trust of the people, the authority for which is derived from the people, the powers of which are exercised by the representatives of the people, and the benefits of which are enjoyed by the people. This is a universal principle of mankind upon which this Constitution is founded. We reject and revoke all constitutions, laws, ordinances, and rescripts in conflict herewith.

We, the Japanese people, desire peace for all time and are deeply conscious of the high ideals controlling human relationship, and we have determined to preserve our security and existence, trusting in the justice and faith of the peace-loving peoples of the world. We desire to occupy an honored place in an international society striving for the preservation of peace, and the banishment of tyranny and slavery, oppression and intolerance for all time from the earth. We recognize that all peoples of the world have the right to live in peace, free from fear and want.

We believe that no nation is responsible to itself alone, but that laws of political morality are universal; and that obedience to such laws is incumbent upon all nations who would sustain their own sovereignty and justify their sovereign relationship with other nations.

We, the Japanese people, pledge our national honor to accomplish these high ideals and purposes with all our resources.

I. THE EMPEROR

Article 1. The Emperor shall be the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people, deriving his position from the will of the people with whom resides sovereign power.

Article 2. The Imperial Throne shall be dynastic and succeeded to in accordance with the Imperial House law passed by the Diet.

Article 3. The advice and approval of the Cabinet shall be required for all acts of the Emperor in matters of state, and the Cabinet shall be responsible therefor.

Article 4. The Emperor shall perform only such acts in matters of state as are provided for in this Constitution and he shall not have powers related to government.

(2) The Emperor may delegate the performance of his acts in matters of state as may be provided by law.

Article 5. When, in accordance with the Imperial House law, a Regency is established, the Regent shall perform his acts in matter of state in the Emperor's name. In this case, paragraph one of the article will be applicable.

Article 6. The Emperor shall appoint the Prime Minister as designated by the Diet.

(2) The Emperor shall appoint the Chief Judge of the Supreme Court as designated by the Cabinet.

Article 7. The Emperor, with the advice and approval of the Cabinet, shall perform the following acts in makers of state on behalf of the people:

(i) Promulgation of amendments of the constitution, laws, cabinet orders and treaties;

(ii) Convocation of the Diet;

(iii)Dissolution of the House of Representatives;

(iv) Proclamation of general election of members of the Diet;

(v) Attestation of the appointment and dismissal of Ministers of State and other officials as provided for by law, and of full powers and credentials of Ambassadors and Ministers;

(vi) Attestation of general and special amnesty, commutation of punishment, reprieve, and restoration of rights;

(vii)Awarding of honors;

(viii) Attestation of instruments of ratification and other diplomatic documents as provided for by law;

(ix) Receiving foreign ambassadors and ministers;

(x) Performance of ceremonial functions.

Article 8. No property can be given to, or received by, the Imperial House, nor can any gifts be made therefrom, without the authorization of the Diet.

II. RENUNCIATION OF WAR

Article 9. Aspiring sincerely to an international peace based on justice and order, the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as a mean of settling international disputes.

(2) In order to accomplish the aim of the preceding paragraph, land, sea, and air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be maintained. The right of belligerency of the state will not be recognized.

CHAPTER III. RIGHTS ANO DUTIES OF THE PEOPLE

Article 10. The conditions necessary for being a Japanese national shall be determined by law.

Article 11. The people shall not be prevented from enjoying any of the fundamental human rights. These fundamental human rights guaranteed to the people by this Constitution shall be conferred upon the people of this and future generations as eternal and inviolate rights.

Article 12. The freedoms and rights guaranteed to the people by this Constitution shall be maintained by the constant endeavor of the people, who shall refrain from any abuse of these freedoms and rights and shall always be responsible for utilizing them for the public welfare.

Article 13. All of the people shall be respected as individuals. Their right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness shall, to the extent that it does not interfere with the public welfare, be the supreme consideration in legislation and in other governmental affairs.

Article 14. All of the people are equal under the law and there shall be no discrimination in political, economic or social relations because of race, creed, sex, social status or family origin.

(2) Peers and peerage shall not be recognized.

(3) No privilege shall accompany any award of honor, decoration or any distinction, nor shall any such award be valid beyond the lifetime of the individual who now holds or hereafter may receive it.

Article 15. The people have the inalienable right to choose their public officials and to dismiss them.

(2) All public officials are servants of the whole community and not of any group thereof.

(3) Universal adult suffrage is guaranteed with regard to the election of public officials.

(4) In all elections, secrecy of the ballot shall not be violated. A voter shall not be answerable, publicly or privately, for the choice he has made.

Article 16. Every person shall have the right of peaceful petition for the redress of damage, for the removal of public officials, for the enactment, repeal or amendment of law, ordinances or regulations and for other matters, nor shall any person be in any way discriminated against sponsoring such a petition.

Article 17. Every person may sue for redress as provided by law from the State or a public entity, in case he has suffered damage through illegal act of any public official.

Article 18. No person shall be held in bondage of any kind. Involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime, is prohibited

Article 19. Freedom of thought and conscience shall not be violated.

Article 20. Freedom of religion is guaranteed to all. No religious organization shall receive any privileges from the State nor exercise any political authority.

(2) No person shall be compelled to take part in any religious acts, celebration, rite or practice.

(3) The state and its organs shall refrain from religious education or any other religious activity.

Article 21. Freedom of assembly and association as well as speech, press and all other forms of expression are guaranteed.

(2) No censorship shall be maintained, nor shall the secrecy of any means of communication be violated.

Article 22. Every person shall have freedom to choose and change his residence and to choose his occupation to the extent that it does not interfere with the public welfare.

(2) Freedom of all persons to move to a foreign country and to divest themselves of their nationality shall be inviolate.

Article 23. Academic freedom is guaranteed.

Article 24. Marriage shall be based only on the mutual consent of both sexes and it shall be maintained through mutual cooperation with the equal rights of husband and wife as a basis.

(2) With regard to choice of spouse, property rights, inheritance, choice of domicile, divorce and other matters pertaining to marriage and the family, laws shall be enacted from the standpoint of individual dignity and the essential equality of the sexes.

Article 25. All people shall have the right to maintain the minimum standards of wholesome and cultured living.

(2) In all spheres of life, the State shall use its endeavors for the promotion and extension of social welfare and security, and of public health.

Article 26. All people shall have the right to receive an equal education correspondent to their ability, as provided by law.

(2) All people shall be obligated to have all boys and girls under their protection receive ordinary educations as provided for by law. Such compulsory education shall be free.

Article 27. All people shall have the right and the obligation to work.

(2) Standards for wages, hours, rest and other working conditions shall be fixed by law.

(3) Children shall not be exploited.

Article 28. The right of workers to organize and to bargain and act collectively is guaranteed.

Article 29. The right to own or to hold property is inviolable.

(2) Property rights shall be defined by law, in conformity with the public welfare.

(3) Private property may be taken for public use upon just compensation therefor.

Article 30. The people shall be liable to taxations as provided by law.

Article 31. No person shall be deprived of life or liberty, nor shall any other criminal penalty be imposed, except according to procedure established by law.

Article 32. No person shall be denied the right of access to the courts.

Article 33. No person shall be apprehended except upon warrant issued by a competent judicial officer which specifies the offense with which the person is charged, unless he is apprehended, the offense being committed.

Article 34. No person shall be arrested or detained without being at once informed of the charges against him or without the immediate privilege of counsel; nor shall he be detained without adequate cause; and upon demand of any person such cause must be immediately shown in open court in his presence and the presence of his counsel.

Article 35. The right of all persons to be secure in their homes, papers and effects against entries, searches and seizures shall not be impaired except upon warrant issued for adequate cause and particularly describing the place to be searched and things to be seized, or except as provided by Article 33.

(2) Each search or seizure shall be made upon separate warrant Issued by a competent judicial officer.

Article 36. The infliction of torture by any public officer and cruel punishments are absolutely forbidden.

Article 39. In all criminal cases the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial tribunal.

(2) He shall be permitted full opportunity to examine all witnesses, and he shall have the right of compulsory process for obtaining witnesses on his behalf at public expense.

(3) At all times the accused shall have the assistance of competent counsel who shall, if the accused is unable to secure the same by his own efforts, be assigned to his use by the State.

Article 38. No person shall be compelled to testify against himself.

(2) Confession made under compulsion, torture or threat, or after prolonged arrest or detention shall not be admitted in evidence.

(3) No person shall be convicted or punished in cases where the only proof against him is his own confession.

Article 39. No person shall be held criminally liable for an act which was lawful at the time it was committed, or of which he has been acquitted, nor shall he be placed in double jeopardy.

Article 40. Any person, in case he is acquitted after he has been arrested or detained, may sue the State for redress as provided by law.

IV. THE DIET

Article 41. The Diet shall be the highest organ of state power, and shall be the sole law-making organ of the State.

Article 42. The Diet shall consist of two Houses, namely the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors.

Article 43. Both Houses shall consist of elected members, representative of all the people.

(2) The number of the members of each House shall be fixed by law.

Article 44. The qualifications of members of both Houses and their electors shall be fixed by law. However, there shall be no discrimination because of race, creed, sex, social status, family origin, education, property or income.

Article 45. The term of office of members of the House of Representatives shall be four years. However, the term shall be terminated before the full term is up in case the House of Representatives is dissolved.

Article 46. The term of office of members of the House of Councillors shall be six years, and election for half the members shall take place every three years.

Article 47. Electoral districts, method of voting and other matters pertaining to the method of election of members of both Houses shall be fixed by law.

Article 48. No person shall be permitted to be a member of both Houses simultaneously.

Article 49. Members of both Houses shall receive appropriate annual payment from the national treasury in accordance with law.

Article 50. Except in cases provided by law, members of both Houses shall be exempt from apprehension while the Diet is in session, and any members apprehended before the opening of the session shall be freed during the term of the session upon demand of the House.

Article 51. Members of both Houses shall not be held liable outside the House for speeches, debates or votes cast inside the House.

Article 52. An ordinary session of the Diet shall be convoked once per year.

Article 53. The Cabinet may determine to convoke extraordinary sessions of the Diet. When a quarter or more of the total members of either house makes the demand, the Cabinet must determine on such convocation.

Article 54. When the House of Representatives is dissolved, there must be a general election of members of the House of Representatives within forty (40) days from the date of dissolution, and the Diet must be convoked within thirty (30) days from the date of the election.

(2) When the House of Representatives is dissolved, the House of Councillors is closed at the same time. However, the Cabinet may in time of national emergency convoke the House of Councillors in emergency session.

(3) Measures taken at such session as mentioned in the proviso of the preceding paragraph shall be provisional and shall become null and void unless agreed to by the House of Representatives within a period of ten (10) days after the opening of the next session of the Diet.

Article 55. Each House shall judge disputes related to qualifications of its members. However, in order to deny a seat to any member, it is necessary to pass a resolution by a majority of two-thirds or more of the members present.

Article 56. Business cannot be transacted in either House unless one third or more of total membership is present.

(2) All matters shall be decided, in each House, by a majority of those present, except as elsewhere provided in the Constitution, and in case of a tie, the presiding officer shall decide the issue.

Article 57. Deliberation in each House shall be public. However, a secret meeting may be held where a majority of two-thirds or more of those members present passes a resolution therefor.

(2) Each House shall keep a record of proceedings. This record shall be published and given general circulation, excepting such parts of proceedings of secret session as may be deemed to require secrecy.

(3) Upon demand of one-fifth or more of the members present, votes of the members on any matter shall be recorded in the minutes.

Article 58. Each house shall select its own president and other officials.

(2) Each House shall establish its rules pertaining to meetings, proceedings and internal discipline, and may punish members for disorderly conduct. However, in order to expel a member, a majority of two-thirds or more of those members present must pass a resolution thereon.

Article 59. A bill becomes a law on passage by both Houses, except as otherwise provided by the Constitution.

(2) A bill which is passed by the House of Representatives, and upon which the House of Councillors makes a decision different from that of the House of Representatives, becomes a law when passed a second time by the House of Representatives by a majority of two-thirds or more of the members present.

(3) The provision of the preceding paragraph does not preclude the House of Representatives from calling for the meeting of a joint committee of both Houses, provided for by law.

(4) Failure by the House of Councillors to take final action within sixty (60) days after receipt of a bill passed by the House of Representatives, time in recess excepted, may be determined by the House of Representatives to constitute a rejection of the said bill by the House of Councillors.

Article 60. The Budget must first be submitted to the House of Representatives.

(2) Upon consideration of the budget, when the House of Councillors makes a decision different from that of the House of Representatives, and when no agreement can be reached even through a joint committee of both Houses, provided for by law, or in the case of failure by the House of Councillors to take final action within thirty (30) days, the period of recess excluded, after the receipt of the budget passed by the House of Representatives, the decision of the House of Representatives shall be the decision of the Diet.

Article 61. The second paragraph of the preceding article applies also to the Diet approval required for the conclusion of treaties.

Article 62. Each House may conduct investigations in relation to government, and may demand the presence and testimony of witnesses, and the production of records.

Article 63. The Prime Minister and other Ministers of State may, at any time, appear in either House for the purpose of speaking on bills, regardless of whether they are members of the House or not. They must appear when their presence is required in order to give answers or explanations.

Article 64. The Diet shall set up an impeachment court from among the members of both Houses for the purpose of trying judges against whom removal proceedings have been instituted.

(2) Matters relating to impeachment shall be provided by law.

V. THE CABINET

Article 65. Executive power shall be vested in the Cabinet.

Article 66. The Cabinet shall consist of the Prime Minister, who shall be its head, and other Ministers of State, as provided for by law.

(2) The Prime Minister and other Minister of State must be civilians.

(3) The Cabinet, in the exercise of executive power, shall be collectively responsible to the Diet.

Article 67. The Prime Minister shall be designated from among the members of the Diet by a resolution of the Diet. This designation shall precede all other business.

(2) If the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors disagrees and if no agreement can be reached even through a joint committee of both Houses, provided for by law, or the House of Councillors fails to make designation within ten (10) days, exclusive of the period of recess, after the House of Representatives has made designation, the decision of the House of Representatives shall be the decision of the Diet.

Article 68. The Prime Minister shall appoint the Ministers of State. However, a majority of their number must be chosen from among the members of the Diet.

(2) The Prime Minister may remove the Ministers of State as he chooses.

Article 69. If the House of Representatives passes a non-confidence resolution, or rejects a confidence resolution, the Cabinet shall resign en masse, unless the House of Representatives is dissolved with ten (10) days.

Article 70. When there is a vacancy in the post of Prime Minister, or upon the first convocation of the Diet after a general election of members of the House of Representatives, the Cabinet shall resign en masse.

Article 71. In the cases mentioned in the two preceding articles, the Cabinet shall continue its functions until the time when a new Prime Minister is appointed.

Article 72. The Prime Minister, representing the Cabinet, submits bills, reports on general national affairs and foreign relations to the Diet and exercises control and supervision over various administrative branches.

Article 73. The Cabinet, in addition to other general administrative functions, shall perform the following functions:

(i) Administer the law faithfully; conduct affairs of state;

(ii) Manage foreign affairs;

(iii)Conclude treaties. However, it shall obtain prior or, depending on circumstances, subsequent approval of the Diet;

(iv) Administer the civil service, in accordance with standards established by law;

(v) Prepare the budget, and present it to the Diet;

(vi) Enact cabinet orders in order to execute the provisions of this Constitution and of the law. However, it cannot include penal provisions in such cabinet orders unless authorized by such law.

(vii)Decide on general amnesty, special amnesty, commutation of punishment, reprieve, and restoration of rights.

Article 74. All laws and cabinet orders shall be signed by the competent Minister of state and countersigned by the Prime Minister.

Article 75. The Ministers of state, during their tenure of office, shall not be subject to legal action without the consent of the Prime Minister. However, the right to take that action is not impaired hereby.

VI. JUDICIARY

Article 76. The whole judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court and in such inferior courts as are established by law.

(2) No extraordinary tribunal shall be established, nor shall any organ or agency of the Executive be given final judicial power.

(3) All judges shall be independent in the exercise of their conscience and shall be bound only by this Constitution and the laws.

Article 77. The Supreme Court is vested with the rule-making power under which it determines the rules of procedure and of practice, and of matters relating to attorneys, the internal discipline of the courts and the administration of judicial affairs.

(2) Public procurators shall be subject to the rule-making power of the Supreme Court.

(3) The Supreme Court may delegate the power to make rules for inferior courts to such courts.

Article 78. Judges shall not be removed except by public impeachment unless judicially declared mentally or physically incompetent to perform official duties. No disciplinary action against judges shall be administered by any executive organ or agency.

Article 79. The Supreme Court shall consist of a Chief Judge and such number of judges as may be determined by law; all such judges excepting the Chief Judge shall be appointed by the Cabinet.

(2) The appointment of the judges of the Supreme Court shall be reviewed by the people at the first general election of members of the House of Representatives following their appointment, and shall be reviewed again at the first general election of members of the House of Representatives after a lapse of ten (10) years, and in the same manner thereafter.

(3) In cases mentioned in the foregoing paragraph, when the majority of the voters favors the dismissal of a judge, he shall be dismissed.

(4) Matters pertaining to review shall be prescribed by law.

(5) The judges of the Supreme Court shall of retired upon the attainment of the age as fixed by law.

(6) All such judges shall receive, at regular stated intervals, adequate compensation which shall not be decreased during their terms of office.

Article 80. The judges of the inferior courts shall be appointed by the Cabinet from a list of persons nominated by the Supreme Court. All such judges shall hold office for a term of ten (10) years with privilege of reappointment, provided that they shall be retired upon the attainment of the age as fixed by law.

(2) The judges of the inferior courts shall receive, at regular stated intervals, adequate compensation which shall not be decreased during their terms of office.

Article 81. The Supreme Court is the court of last resort with power to determine the constitutionality of any law, order, regulation or official act.

Article 82. Trials shall be conducted and judgment declared publicly.

(2) Where a court unanimously determines publicity to be dangerous to public order or morals, a trial may be conducted privately, but trials of political offenses, offenses involving the press or cases wherein the rights of people as guaranteed in Chapter III of this Constitution are in question shall always be conducted publicly.

VII. FINANCE

Article 83. The power to administer national finances shall be exercised as the Diet shall determine.

Article 84. No new taxes shall be imposed or existing ones modified except by law or under such conditions as law may prescribe.

Article 85. No money shall be expended, nor shall the State obligate itself, except as authorized by the Diet.

Article 86. Cabinet shall prepare and submit to the Diet for its consideration and decision a budget for each fiscal year.

Article 87. In order to provide for unforeseen deficiencies in the budget, a reserve fund may be authorized by the Diet to be expended upon the responsibility of the Cabinet.

(2) The Cabinet must get subsequent approval of the Diet for all payments from the reserve fund.

Article 88. All property of the Imperial Household shall belong to the State. All expenses of the Imperial Household shall be appropriated by the Diet in the budget.

Article 89. No public money or other property shall be expended or appropriated for the use, benefit or maintenance of any religious institution or association or for any charitable, educational benevolent enterprises not under the control of public authority.

Article 90. Final accounts of the expenditures and revenues of State shall be audited annually by a Board of Audit and submitted by the Cabinet to the Diet, together with the statement of audit, during the fiscal year immediately following the period covered.

(2) The organization and competency of the Board of Audit shall determined by law.

Article 91. At regular intervals and at least annually the Cabinet shall report to the Diet and the people on the state of national finances.

VIII. LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT

Article 92. Regulations concerning organization and operations of local public entities shall be fixed by law in accordance with the principle of local autonomy.

Article 93. The local public entities shall establish assemblies as their deliberative organs, in accordance with law.

(2) The chief executive officers of all local public entities, the members of their assemblies, and such other local officials as may be determined by law shall be elected by direct popular vote within their several communities.

Article 94. Local entities shall have the right to manage their property, affairs and administration and to enact their own regulations within law.

Article 95. A special law, applicable to one local public entity, cannot be enacted by the Diet without the consent of the majority of the voters of the local public entity concerned, obtained in accordance with law.

IX. AMENDMENTS

Article 96. Amendment to this Constitution shall be initiated by the Diet, through a concurring vote of two-thirds or more of all the members of each House and shall thereupon be submitted to the people for ratification which shall require the affirmative vote of a majority of all votes cast thereon, at special referendum or at such election as the Diet shall specify.

(2) Amendments when so ratified shall immediately be promulgated by the Emperor in the name of the people, as an integral part of this Constitution.

X. SUPREME LAW

Article 97. The fundamental human rights by this Constitution guaranteed to the people of Japan are fruits of the age-old struggle of man to be free; they have survived the many exacting tests for durability and are conferred upon this and future generations in trust, to be held for all time inviolate.

Article 98. This Constitution shall be the supreme law of the nation and no law, ordinance, imperial rescript or other act of government, or part thereof, contrary to the provisions hereof, shall have legal force or validity.

(2) The treaties concluded by Japan and established laws of nations shall be faithfully observed.

Article 99. The Emperor or the Regent as well as Ministers of State, members of the Diet, judges, and all other public officials have the obligation to respect and uphold this Constitution.

XI. SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS

Article 100. This Constitution shall be enforced as from the day when the period of six months will have elapsed counting from the day of its promulgation.

(2) The enactment of laws necessary for the enforcement of this Constitution the election of members of the House of Councillors and the procedure for the convocation of the Diet and other preparatory procedures for the enforcement of this Constitution may be executed before the day prescribed in the preceding paragraph.

Article 101. If the House of Councilors is not constituted before the effective date of this Constitution, the House of Representatives shall function as the Diet until such time as the House of Councilors shall be constituted.

Article 102. The term of office for half the members of the House of Councillors serving in the first term under this Constitution shall be three years. Members falling under this category shall be determined in accordance with law.

Article 103. The Ministers of State, members of the House of Representatives, and judges in office on the effective date of this Constitution, and all other public officials, who occupy positions corresponding to such positions as are recognized by this Constitution shall not forfeit their positions automatically on account of the enforcement of this Constitution unless otherwise specified by law. When, however, successors are elected or appointed under the provisions of this Constitution, they shall forfeit their positions as a matter of course.

see also:

Constitution of 1889 (pg. X),

Cryptology

The combined science of making and breaking codes, ciphers, and other methods of secret communication (hereafter refered to generally as codes, unless otherwise stated). The science of making codes is called “cryptography” and that of breaking them is called “cryptanalysis”.

There is not much cryptological history in Japan – prior to the twentieth century, only a few simple codes were used and there seems to have been no practice of cryptanalysis at all.

There seems to be almost no cryptology in Japan before the Warring States Period (senkokujidai), during which Uesugi Kenshin and Oda Nobunaga are believed to have used simple substitution ciphers. In the context of world cryptological history, this is very late. Julius Caesar reportedly used a substition cipher and even before that the Spartans of Greek were using a transposition cipher with a wooden stick as the key. Thus people in the Mediterranean had used both major ciphers systems (transposition and substitution) over 1,500 years before Uesugi was born.

Little is known about what steps the Meiji government took to secure their communications. From the Taishō Period, however, there is more information. It is not until the Shōwa Period, that the Imperial Japanese Army decides to actively improve its cryptological abilities.

Superficially, they were successful. In reality, they were improving their abilities in the old-fashioned, pre-First World War, traditional cryptology. Unfortunately, the enemy they were fighting in China from the mid-1930s was also using traditional cryptological systems. This likely gave the Army the impression that their training was worthwhile. Unfortunately, the skills the Army honed in China would be of limited assistance in the Second World War, when Japan faced several enemies, all of whom were soon at the forefront of modern cryptology.

Japanese Cryptology From the 1500s to 1910s

Senkokujidai Daimyō

The cipher system that Uesugi used is basically a simple substitution usually known in English as a Polybius square or “checkerboard.” The i-ro-ha alphabet contains forty-eight letters, so a seven-by-seven square is used, with one of the cells left blank. The rows and columns are labeled with a number or a letter. In Table 8, the numbers start in the top left, as does the i-ro-ha alphabet. In practice these could start in any corner.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
1	i	ro	ha	ni	ho	he	to
2	chi	ri	nu	ru	wo	wa	ka
3	yo	ta	re	so	tsu	ne	na
4	ra	mu	u	i	no	o	ku
5	ya	ma	ke	fu	ko	e	te
6	a	sa	ki	yu	me	mi	shi
7	e	hi	mo	se	su	n	

Table 8 i-ro-ha Alphabet, 1-7 Checkerboard Cipher

To encipher, find the plaintext letter in the square and replace it with the number of that row and column. So using the square above, kougeki becomes 55 43 53 63 or 55 34 35 36 if the correspondents decided ahead of time on column-row order. The problem of what to do in the case of letters such as “ga,” “de,” and “pe” that do not appear in the i-ro-ha alphabet is avoided by using the base form of the letter instead – as above where “kougeki” becomes “koukeki.'' Technically, this is a serious flaw because some messages may have two or more equally valid decipherments. To avoid this the encipherer may have had to rephrase messages.

The column and row headers do not have to be numbers. One common variation is to use letters. This was common in European cryptography and is found in the Uesugi cipher as well. However, the Japanese cipher had a twist that never seems to have been used in the West; using a the last 14 letters of a waka poem to fill in the row and column headers. Table 9 is from page 162 of [takagawa_2003] and gives an example of this, using “tsurenakumieshiakinoyufukure.''

This system of using a “checkerboard” to convert an alphabet into numbers or letters was described by Polybius over 2000 years ago. There are three main advantages to this system. First, converting letters into numbers allows for various mathematical transformations which are not possible or not as easy with letters – super-enciphering for example. Second, the checkerboard system reduces the total number of characters. Whether converting to numbers or letters, the Polybius square reduces 25 English letters to five characters. Uesugi's square reduces to seven. This reduction makes crytanalysis slightly more difficult than simple one-to-one substitution. Another benefit of the reduction in the number of letters is that it reduces the chance of error in communicating the message. The letters of the German ADGFX system in World War I were chosen because in morse code they are quite distinct and thus it was unlikely that an error in the morse code transmission would accidently turn one letter into another. This would have been important for a sengoku daimyō, for instance, if he experimented with sending coded messages over long distances by torches, flags, poles, or similar system.

re	ku	fu	yu	no	ki	a	
e	a	ya	ra	yo	chi	i	tsu
hi	sa	ma	mu	ta	ri	ro	re
mo	ki	ke	u	re	nu	ha	na
se	yu	fu	i	so	ru	ni	ku
su	me	ko	no	tsu	wo	ho	mi
n	mi	e	o	ne	wa	he	e
	shi	te	ku	na	ka	to	shi

Table 9 Checkerboard Cipher Using Waka Poem ( [takagawa_2003], pg 162)

Finally, although the checkerboard system doubles the length of messages, breaking each plaintext letter into two ciphertext letters allows for separate transformations on each of the halves. However, this does not seem to have been used much in American or European cryptology and Japanese cryptologists apparently did not use it at all.

It is not known how or even if Uesugi actually used the seven-by-seven checkerboard system. The scarcity of evidence makes it impossible to draw any firm conclusions but tentatively it seems that senkoku period daimyō did not have much use for cryptology. Of course it is possible that they did have their “black chambers” and that those chambers were shrouded in such secrecy that no hint of their existence escaped. This seems unlikely however. Several daimyō compiled codes of conduct or books of advice on governing for their offspring. Had cryptology been an important factor in the success of such men, they might be expected to pass that advantage along to their successor. The fact that they did not do so, in writing at least, does not prove anything but, in light of the other evidence – and lack of it – does make the existence of black chambers of the European sort seem unlikely.

(Did messengers carry the plaintext on paper or did they memorize it?)

The history of cryptology in Japan shows two things. First, the fact that substitution ciphers existed makes the failure of the Japanese to improve on the substitution cipher or to invent the transposition cipher much harder to explain. Second, the lack of a strong cryptographic tradition suggests – almost requires – a correspondingly weak cryptanalytic tradition. In fact there seems to be no cryptanalysis in Japanese history before the late 1800s.

The Bakumatsu and Early Meiji Periods

Currency

Bills

Yen	Graphic (page #)	Size (mm)
10000	Fukuzawa Yukichi ()	76x160
10000	Fukuzawa Yukichi ()	76x160
10000	Shōtoku-tennō ()	84x174
5000	Nitobe Inazo ()	76x155
5000	Nitobe Inazo ()	76x155
5000	Shōtoku-tennō ()	80x169
2000	Shurei-mon ()	76x154
1000	Natsume Soseki ()	76x150
1000	Natsume Soseki ()	76x150
1000	Natsume Soseki ()	76x150
1000	Natsume Soseki ()	76x150
1000	Itō Hirobumi ()	76x164
1000	Itō Hirobumi ()	76x164
1000	Shōtoku-tennō ()	76x164
500	Iwakura Tomomi ()	72x159

Table 10 Portraits on Japanese Bills

Yen	From	To	Serial No.
10000	Nov 1, 1984	present	Black
10000	Dec 1, 1993	present	Brown
10000	Dec 1, 1958	Jan 4, 1986	
5000	Nov 1, 1984	present	Black
5000	Dec 1, 1993	present	Brown
5000	Oct 1, 1957	Jan 4, 1984	
2000	Jul 19, 2000	present	
1000	Nov 1, 1984	present	Black
1000	Nov 1, 1990	present	Blue
1000	Dec 1, 1993	present	Brown
1000	Apr 3, 2000	present	Dark Green
1000	Nov 1, 1963	Jan 4, 1986	Black
1000	Jul 1, 1976	Jan 4, 1986	Blue
1000	Jan 7, 1950	Jan 4, 1965	
500	Nov 1, 1969	Apr 1, 1994	

Table 11 Dates of Use for Japanese Bills

Coins

Daido Masashige – Dutch Learning

Daidoji Masashige

Daidō

Nengō: 806--809

Daiei

Nengō: 1521--1527.

aka Teiei.

Daigo-tennō

The 60th Emperor of Japan.

Lived 18 Jan. 885 to 29 Sept. 930.

Reigned 3 July 897 to 22 Sept. 930.

Daiji

Nengō: 1126--1130.

aka Taiji.

Daimyō

Japanese: 大名

Title given to powerful lords. Literally means `big names' in English. During the Tokugawa shogunate, any lord who controlled lands that produced more than 10,000 koku was considered a daimyo.

see also:

Tokugawa Shōgunate (pg. X), Koku (pg. X),

Daitsuji-yama

Dan Takuma

Lived 1 Aug. 1858 to 5 March 1932 (assassinated)

Was a member of the Iwakura Mission.

Studied mining in the U.S. and taught at Tokyo University after his return. Later worked at the government-owned Miike coal mine; joined Mitsui when they bought the mine from the government. He rose in the Mitsui ranks and eventually was in charge of all of their mining operations.

Became a well-known and influential businessman.

Assassinated by Hishinuma (Yonuma?) Goro, a member of the Blood League (double check that), on 5 March 1932.

see also:

Blood League (pg. X),

Hishinuma Goro (pg. X),

Iwakura Mission (pg. X),

Miike Coal Mine (pg. X),

Mining (pg. X),

Mitsui (pg. X),

Tokyo University (pg. X),

Date Family

Daimyō family from Mutsu (pg XXX).

Descended from the Fujiwara (pg XXX).

Date Harumune

Lived 1519 to 1577.

Date Masamune

Lived 3 Aug. 1567 to 24 Aug. 1636.

Date Munenari

aka Date Muneki

Lived 1 Aug. 1818 to 20 Dec. 1892

A tozama daimyō who held Uwajima (100,000 koku, pg XXX). He was a reformer who implimented several European ideas in his military and han administration. Originally influential in the Meiji government, Date faded away after the abolition of the han.

Date Shigezane

Lived 1568 to 1646.

Date Tadamune

Died 1658.

Tadamune was the son of Date Masamune.

Date Terumune

Lived 1543 to 1585.

Diet

Japan's Legislative Body (helpful, ain't it)

Dodo Family

Doihara Kenji

Doi Kiyonaga

Doi Sanehira

Doi Toshikatsu

Lived 1573 to 1644.

The son of Mizuno Nobumoto (pg XXX). Adopted by Doi Toshimasa.

Toshikatsu was an important advisor to Tokugawa Iemitsu (pg XXX).

Doi Toshimasa

Doolittle Raid

On the morning of 18 April 1942, 16 B-25 bombers took off from the United States aircraft carrier Hornet. Their target: Japan. Thirteen of them dropped their loads on Tokyo while the remaining three attacked Nagoya. Physical damage was slight but the attacks did shock many Japanese, who had assumed their was no way the enemy could get to them.

On the surface the Doolittle raid was a suicide mission – there was absolutely no way the planes could get back to the Hornet and even if they could, the B-25 was not really a carrier-based plane. Taking off proved possible but landing on a carrier was not an option. In view of this, the official plan called for the pilots to head for friendly bases in China after attacking Japan. A couple of planes even made it.

(Add the details on what happened next!!)

Doshisha University

Dutch Learning

aka Rangaku

Dutch learning is a general term for Western science and medicine that filtered into Japan through the Dutch during the Tokugawa period.

During the period of sakoku, “Western” was closely associated with “Christian” and since Christianity was banned the effect was that most everything Western was banned. As time went on, the Japanese fell technologically further and further behind the West. The Dutch at Dejima tried to make the Bakufu aware of this. In general the Bakufu wasn't interested---although Shōgun Yoshimune did loosen restrictions on foreign books in 1720. Several samurai took an interest in learning some of the more obviously practical arts from the Dutch. In medicine, for example, it was an easy thing to compare a real corpse with the drawings in Western medical books and those in Chinese / Japanese medical books. The Western ones were more accurate and the cures contained in them could soon be seen to be more effective. More abstract pursuits also had some followers.

Echigo Province – Etō Shinpei

Echigo Province

A province in north-central Japan, on the Sea of Japan side. It bordered on Uzen, Iwashiro, Kōtsuke, Shinano, and Etchū. Today the area is known as Niigata Prefecture.

(IIRC, Niigata includes Sado Island but Echigo did not --- must double check this)

see also:

Etchū Province (pg. X), Iwashiro Province (pg. X), Kōzuke Province (pg. X), Niigata Prefecture (pg. X), Shinano Province (pg. X), Uzen Province (pg. X),

Echizen Province

A province in central Honshū, on the Sea of Japan side. It borders on Kaga, Hida, Mino, Ōmi, and Wakasa. The area is today part of Fukui Prefecture.

see also:

Fukui Prefecture (pg. X), Hida Province (pg. X), Kaga Province (pg. X), Mino Province (pg. X), Ōmi Province (pg. X), Wakasa Province (pg. X),

Edo

The Tokugawa Shogunate was centered in Edo. As a result, what had been a small village eventually became, during the Tokugawa period, one of the biggest cities in the world.

After the Meiji Restoration (pg XXX), the leaders of the new imperial government moved the Emperor into Tokugawa castle in Edo and renamed the city Tokyo, the `Eastern Capital'.

Ehime Prefecture

Area: 5,675 km2 (1995)

Capital: Matsuyama

Population: 1,520,000 (1996)

Eichō

Nengō: 1096--1096.

Eien

Nengō: 987--988.

Eihō

Nengō: 1081--1083.

Eiji

Nengō: 1141—1141.

Eikan

Nengō: 983—984.

Eikyō

Nengō: 1429—1440.

Eikyū

Nengō: 1113--1117.

Eiman

Nengō: 1165--1165.

Einin

Nengō: 1293--1298.

Eiroku

Nengō: 1558--1569.

Eiryaku

Nengō: 1160--1160.

Eisai

Lived 20 April 1141 to 1215.

Eisai was a monk who went to China more than once and is credited with introducing tea to Japan. He was also responsible for building and directing several Buddhist temples of the Zen school.

Eishō

Nengō: 1046--1052.

aka Eijō.

Eiso

Nengō: 989--989.

Eitoku

Nengō of the Northern Dynasty: 1381--1383.

Eiwa

Nengō of the Northern Dynasty: 1375--1378.

Ejiri Castle

Embun

Nengō of the Northern Dynasty: 1356--1360.

Emperors

Many of the emperors prior to about 500 A.D. are mythological. The Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan entry for the `Nihon-ki' (pg 448) has a good summary of how unreliable the info on early emperors is.

The table of emperors is now on page (XREF).

Empō

Nengō: 1673--1680.

Enchō

Nengō: 923--930.

Endo Motonobu

Engen

Nengō: 1336--1339.

Engi

Nengō: 901--922.

Enjoji Nobutane

Died 1584.

Samurai who fought and died at the Battle of Okinawate (pg XXX).

Enkei

Nengō: 1308—1310.

Also known as Enkyō. See that entry on page XXX for more information. (but there isn't much there at the moment)

Enkyō

Nengō: 1308--1310.

Enkyō

Nengō: 1744--1747.

Enkyū

Nengō: 1069--1073.

En'ō

Nengō: 1239--1239.

Enryaku

Nengō: 782--805.

Entoku

Nengō: 1489--1491.

En'yū-tennō

The 64th Emperor of Japan.

Lived 2 March 959 to 12 Feb. 991

Reigned 13 Aug. 969 to 27 Aug. 984.

Fifth son of Emperor Murakami.

Etchū Province

A province in central Honshū, on the Sea of Japan side. It bordered Echigo, Shinano, Hida, Kaga, and Noto. The area is today Toyama Prefecture.

see also:

Echigo Province (pg. X),

Hida Province (pg. X),

Kaga Province (pg. X),

Noto Province (pg. X),

Shinano Province (pg. X),

Toyama Prefecture (pg. X),

Etō Shinpei

Lived 9 Feb. 1834 to 13 April 1874.

A samurai from Saga (pg XXX), Shinpei held posts in the Meiji government. He resigned over the invasion of Korea.

In 1874, Shinpei led Saga samurai against the government in the Saga Rebellion (pg XXX).

Feminism – Fuwa Mitsuharu

Feminism

Five-Powers Treaty

Treaty negotiated by France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, and the United States at the Washington Naval Conference of 1921-1922.

The Five-Powers Treaty dealt with naval arms limitations. There were to be no new capital ships constructed for ten years – with the exception that each power could convert two battle cruisers under construction into aircraft carriers. Aircraft carriers could be no bigger than 27,000 tons. (The two converted-battle-cruiser aircraft carriers could be up to 33,000 tons.)

The size of navies was limited. The ratio for capital ships was 10:10:6:6:6 for Great Britain, The United States, France, Japan, and Italy.

See Also

Washington Naval Conference (pg 304)

Formosa Expedition

Four-Powers Treaty

Treaty negotiated by France, Great Britain, Japan, and the United States at the Washington Naval Conference of 1921-1922.

The Four-Powers Treaty confirmed the status-quo in the Pacific with respect to each countries possessions.

See Also

Washington Naval Conference (pg 304)

Fujita Denzaburo

Lived 1841 to 1912

Fujiwara Family

Fujiwara Hidesato

Dates unknown.

Hidesato was a Heian era leader of warriors.

Fujiwara no Kaneie

Lived 929 to 2 July 990.

Father of Fujiwara Michinaga

Fujiwara no Michinaga

Lived 966 to 4 Dec. 1028

Court Official / Power Behind the Throne

Son of Fujiwara no Kaneie.

995 AD - appointed as minister of the right (udaijin) and also examiner of imperial documents (nairan).

Allied his family with Seiwa Genji branch of the Minamoto Family.

1017 - Became grand minister of state (which is ? in japanese).

1019 - Retired and became a buddhist monk.

1022 - Build the Hojoji.

Fujiwara Morosuke

Lived 908 to 4 May 960.

Fujiwara no Sadaie

Lived 1162 to 1241

Fujiwara Uona

Fujiwara Yamakage

Fujiwara Yoritsugu

The 5th Kamakura shōgun.

Lived 21 Nov. 1239 to 25 Sept. 1256.

Ruled 28 April 1244 to Dec. 1251.

Son of Yoritsune.

Fujiwara Yoritsune

Lived 16 Jan. 1218 to 11 Aug. 1256.

Ruled 27 Jan. 1226 to 28 April 1244.

The 4th Kamakura shōgun.

Father of Yoritsugu.

Fujiwara Yoshikado

Fukagawa Cement Works

Fukahara Hirotoshi

Lived 1512 to 1593.

Fukahori Sumikata

Fukuchi Gen'ichiro

Lived 1841 to 1906

Fukuda Hideko

aka Kageyama Hideko

Lived 1865 to 1927

Fukuda Takeo

Born 1905.

Graduated from Tokyo University. Worked for the Finance Ministry. Elected to the Diet in 1952. Served in various cabinets and became prime minister on 24 December 1976. His cabinet lasted until 7 December 1978.

Fukui City

The capital of Fukui Prefecture.

Fukui Prefecture

Area: 4,188 km2 (1995)

Capital: Fukui

Population: 830,000 (1996)

Fukumoto Kazuo

A Marxist intellectual who was influential in the Japanese communist movement in the mid-1920's.

Fukuoka City

The capital of Fukuoka Prefecture.

Fukuoka Prefecture

Area: 4,968 km2 (1995)

Capital: Fukuoka

Population: 4,900,000 (1996)

Fukushima City

The capital of Fukushima Prefecture (pg XXX).

Fukushima Masanobu

Fukushima Masanori

Lived 1561 to 13 July 1634 (1614?).

Fukushima Masashige

Died 1521.

Fukushima Masayori

Fukushima Prefecture

Area: 13,782 km2 (1995)

Capital: Fukushima

Population: 2,140,000 (1996)

Fukuzawa Yukichi

Lived 12 Dec. 1834 to 3 Feb. 1901.

Studied Western science in Nagasaki. Studied in Ōsaka under Ogata Kōan from 1854. Later taught in Tokyo---his school eventually became Keiō University.

Went abroad several times. Wrote Seiyō Jijō (Conditions in the West) which was hugely popular. Also wrote The Encouragement of Learning, An Outline of a Theory of Civilization, (Japanese titles?) among many books and articles.

Founded Jiji Shinpō in 1882.

His portrait is on the current 10,000 yen bill.

see also:

Ogata Kōan (pg. X),

Jiji Shinpō (pg. X),

Currency (pg. X),

Fuma Kotaro

aka Kazama Kotaro.

Furukawa Ichibei

Lived 1832 to 1903

Businessman. Bought the Ashio copper mine from the government in 1877. Eventually he was in control of a minor zaibatsu.

Furuta Shigekatsu

Lived 1561 to 1600.

Survived the Battle of Sekigahara but died later the same year.

Received Matsuzaka (37,000 koku) in Ise from Hideyoshi (when?). In 1600, Ieyasu awarded him someplace worth 60,000 koku.

see also:

Ise Province (pg. X),

Sekigahara, Battle of (pg. X),

Tokugawa Ieyasu (pg. X),

Toyotomi Hideyoshi (pg. X),

Furuta Shigenari

Lived 1545 to 1615.

A minor daimyō in charge of 10,000 koku which he received sometime after 1600. He lost his domain because he communicated with the Toyotomi during the Seige of Ōsaka Castle.

see also:

Ōsaka, Siege of (pg. X), Tokugawa Ieyasu (pg. X), Toyotomi Family (pg. X), Fushimi Castle (pg. X),

Fushimi, Seige of

Took place in 1600.

Torii Mototada (pg XXX) defended the castle for Tokugawa Ieyasu (pg XXX).

Fushimi-tennō

The 92nd Emperor of Japan.

Lived 23 April 1265 to 3 Sept. 1317.

Reigned 21 Oct. 1287 to 22 July 1298.

Futamata, Seige of

Took place in 1572.

The castle is on a cliff above the Tenryūgawa. The defenders got water from the river by lowering buckets into the river from a protected tower.

The castle was owned by the Tokugawa and beseiged by Takeda Katsuyori (pg XXX). Katsuyori floated large, unmanned rafts down the river and into the tower. These weakened the tower enough that it eventually collapsed, depriving the defenders of their water supply. The defenders surrendered soon after.

Futo, Battle of

Fuwa Katsumitsu

Fuwa Mitsuharu

Died 1581.

Gamō Hideyuki – Gyoki

Gamō Hideyuki

Lived 1583 to 1612.

The son of Gamō Ujisato. Christian. Was moved to Utsunomiya (180,000 koku) in Shimotsuke after his father died in 1595. In 1600, he was given Wakamatsu, worth 600,000 koku. This had been part of his father's fief.

see also:

Gamō Ujisato (pg. X),

Shimotsuke (pg. X),

Utsunomiya-han (pg. X),

Wakamatsu-han (pg. X),

Gamō Katahide

Lived 1534 to 1584.

The father of Gamō Ujisato.

Served the Sasaki family and later Oda Nobunaga.

see also:

Gamō Ujisato (pg. X),

Oda Nobunaga (pg. X),

Sasaki Family (pg. X),

Gamō Ujisato

Lived 1556 to 7 Feb. 1595.

Son of Gamō Katahide and father of Gamō Hideyuki. His wife was a daughter of Oda Nobunaga. Christian.

Fought at Ōkōchi castle in 1570.

Was daimyō of Matsusaka (120,000 koku) in Ise Province but was ordered to Aizu (420,000 koku) in Mutsu as part of a plan to bring the northeastern daimyō under Hideyoshi's control. To this end, Ujisato and Asano Nagamasa defeated and killed Kunohe Masazane (when? where?). As a reward for his successful service, Ujisato was granted extra lands and was eventually in control of more than one million koku.

In 1584, he was baptised and took the name Leo.

see also:

Aizu-han (pg. X),

Asano Nagamasa (pg. X),

Gamō Hideyuki (pg. X),

Gamō Katahide (pg. X),

Ise Province (pg. X),

Kunohe Masazane (pg. X),

Ōkōchi Castle (pg. X),

Matsusaka-han (pg. X),

Mutsu Province (pg. X),

Toyotomi Hideyoshi (pg. X),

Gembun

Nengō: 1736--1740.

Gemmei-tennō

Empress. The 43th ruler of Japan.

Reigned 707 to 715.

Genchū

Nengō: 1380--1382.

Gen'ei

Nengō: 1118--1119.

aka Gan'ei.

Genji

Nengō: 1864--1864.

aka Ganji.

Genkei

Nengō: 877--884.

Genki

Nengō: 1570--1572.

Genkō

Nengō: 1321--1323.

aka Genkyō.

Genkō

Nengō: 1331--1333.

Genkyō

Nengō: 1321--1323.

Usually known as Genkō. See that entry on page XXX.

Genkyū

Nengō: 1204--1205.

Genna

Nengō: 1615--1623.

aka Genwa.

Gennin

Nengō: 1224--1224.

Gen'ō

Nengō: 1319--1320.

Genreki

Nengō: 1184--1184.

Usually known as Genryaku. See that entry on page XXX.

Genroku

Nengō: 1688--1703.

Genro

``Elder Statesmen''. A term applied to the leaders of the Meiji government. Includes men such as Ito Hirobumi and ???. Saonji Kinmochi is considered the last Genro.

Genryaku

Nengō: 1184--1184.

aka Ganryaku. aka Genreki.

Genshō-tennō

Empress. The 44th ruler of Japan.

Reigned 715 to 724.

Gentoku

Nengō: 1329--1330.

Genwa

Nengō: 1615--1623.

Usually known as Genna. See that entry on page XXX.

Gifu City

A city in, and the capital of, Gifu Prefecture.

Gifu Prefecture

Area: 10,598 km2 (1995)

Capital: Gifu

Population: 2,100,000 (1996)

Ginkakuji

Godaigo-tennō

The 96th Emperor of Japan.

Lived 2 Nov. 1288 to 16 Aug. 1339.

Reigned 26 Feb. 1318 to 15 Aug 1339.

Godai Tomoatsu

Lived 1836 to 1885.

Businessman.

Studied in the West 1865 to 1866. Joined the Meiji government but soon left and went into business. Godai was active in metals, mining, and railways, among other interests.

Godō Takuo

Agriculture & Forestry Minister from Aug 30, 1939 to Oct 16, 1939 in Abe Nobuyuki's cabinet.

Gofukakusa-tennō

The 89th Emperor of Japan.

Lived 10 June 1243 to 16 July 1304.

Reigned 29 Jan. 1246 to 26 Nov. 1259.

Gofushimi-tennō

The 93rd Emperor of Japan.

Lived 3 March 1288 to 6 April 1336.

Reigned 22 July 1298 to 21 Jan. 1301.

Gohanazono-tennō

The 102nd Emperor of Japan.

Lived 18 June 1419 to 27 Dec. 1470.

Reigned 28 July 1428 to 19 July 1464.

Gohorikawa-tennō

The 86th Emperor of Japan.

Lived 18 Feb. 1212 to 6 Aug. 1234.

Reigned 9 July 1221 to 4 Oct. 1232.

Goichijō-tennō

The 68th Emperor of Japan.

Lived 11 Sept. 1008 to 17 April 1036.

Reigned 29 Jan 1016 to 17 April 1036.

The second son of the Emperor Ichijō. (double check that)

Gokameyama-tennō

The 99th Emperor of Japan.

Died 12 April 1424

Reigned 1383 to 1392.

Gokashiwabara-tennō

The 104th Emperor of Japan.

Lived 20 Oct. 1464 to 7 April 1526.

Reigned 25 Oct. 1500 to 7 April 1526.

The coronation ceremony was not held until 1521.

Gokomatsu-tennō

The 100th Emperor of Japan.

Lived 27 June 1377 to 20 Oct. 1433.

Reigned 11 April 1382 to 1392 as the emperor of the Northern Court and continued as emperor when the courts reunited until abdicating on 29 Aug. 1412.

Gokōmyō-tennō

The 110th Emperor of Japan.

Lived 12 March 1633 to 20 Sept. 1654.

Reigned 3 Oct. 1643 to 20 Sept. 1654.

Gomizunō-tennō

The 108th Emperor of Japan.

Lived 4 June 1596 to 19 Aug. 1680.

Reigned 27 March 1611 to 8 Nov. 1629.

Father of Reigen-tennō (pg. X).

Gomomozono-tennō

The 118th Emperor of Japan.

Lived 2 July 1758 to 29 Oct. 1779.

Reigned 24 Nov. 1770 to 29 Oct. 1779.

Gomurakami-tennō

The 97th Emperor of Japan.

Lived 1328 to 11 March 1368.

Reigned 15 Aug. 1339 to 11 March 1368.

Gonara-tennō

The 105th Emperor of Japan.

Lived 23 Dec. 1496 to 5 Sept. 1557

Reigned 29 April 1526 to 5 Sept. 1557.

Gonijō-tennō

The 94th Emperor of Japan.

Lived 2 Feb. 1285 to 25 Aug. 1308

Reigned 21 Jan. 1301 to 25 Aug. 1308.

Goreizei-tennō

The 70th Emperor of Japan.

Lived 3 Aug. 1025 to 19 April 1068.

Reigned 16 Jan. 1045 to 19 April 1068.

Gosaga-tennō

The 88th Emperor of Japan.

Lived 26 Feb. 1220 to 17 Feb. 1272.

Reigned 20 Jan. 1242 to 29 Jan. 1246.

Gosai-tennō

The 111st Emperor of Japan.

Lived 16 Nov. 1637 to 22 Feb. 1685.

Reigned 28 Nov. 1654(?) to 26 Jan. 1663.

Gosakuramachi-tennō

The 117th Emperor of Japan.

Lived 3 Aug. 1740 to 1813.

Reigned 27 July 1762 to 24 Nov. 1770.

Gosanjō-tennō

The 71st Emperor of Japan.

Lived 18 July 1034 to 7 May 1073.

Reigned 19 April 1068 to 8 Dec. 1072.

Goshirakawa-tennō

The 77th Emperor of Japan.

Lived 11 Sept. 1127 to 13 March 1192.

Reigned 24 July 1155 to 11 Aug. 1158.

Gosuzaku-tennō

The 69th Emperor of Japan.

Lived 25 Nov. 1009 to 18 Jan. 1045.

Reigned 17 April 1036 to 16 Jan. 1045.

Gotoba-tennō

The 82nd Emperor of Japan.

Lived 14 July 1180 to 22 Feb. 1239.

Reigned 20 Aug. 1183 to 11 Jan. 1198.

Goto Family (Haruma)

Gotō Family (Hizen)

Daimyō family from Hizen Province, related to the Seiwa-Genji.

Goto Moriharu

Died 1578.

Goto Motokuni

Died 1580.

Gotō Mototsugu

Lived 1573 to 1615.

Aka Gotō Matabei.

Son of Gotō Motokuni and father of Gotō Ujifusa.

Gotō Shinpei

Lived 4 June 1857 to 13 April 1929.

Doctor and Bureaucrat

Head of Sanitation Bureau (part of the Home Ministry) from 1890 to 1892 and again from 1895 to 1898.

Was the head of civilian administration of Taiwan from 1898 to 1906.

Became the first president of the Manchurian Railway in 1906.

Cabinet	Position	From	To
2nd Katsura	Communications	Jul 14, 2008	Aug 30, 1911
3rd Katsura	Communications	Dec 21, 1912	Feb 20, 1913
Terauchi	Home Affairs	Oct 9, 1916	Apr 23, 1918
Terauchi	Foreign Affairs	Apr 23, 1918	Sep 29, 1918
2nd Yamamoto	Home Affairs	Sep 2, 1923	Jan 7, 1924

Table 12 Cabinet Positions Held by Gotō Shinpei

see also:

Taiwan (pg. X),

Manchurian Railway Company (pg. X),

Gotō Shōjirō

Lived 19 March 1838 to 4 Aug. 1897.

Samurai and Politician

Samurai from Tosa. Gotō studied at Kaiseitō and was influenced by Sakamoto Ryōma. He was active in the Meiji government but quit in 1873 over disagreements about whether or not to invade Korea.

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Kuroda	Communications	03/22/89	12/24/89
1st Yamaguchi	Communications	12/24/89	05/06/91
1st Matsukata	Communications	05/06/91	08/08/92
2nd Itō	Agriculture and Commerce	08/08/92	01/22/94

Table 13 Cabinet Positions Held by Gotō Shōjirō

see also:

Itō Hirobumi (pg. X),

Kaiseitō (pg. X),

Korea, Invasion of (pg. X),

Matsukata Masayoshi (pg. X),

Tosa-han (pg. X),

Yamagato Aritomo (pg. X),

Goto Sumikuro

Goto Takaaki

Gotō Ujifusa

Lived 1570 to 1615.

The son of Gotō Mototsugu. Served Kuroda Nagamasa. Was loyal to Toyotomi Hideyori and died at Ōsaka Castle.

see also:

Gotō Mototsugu (pg. X),

Kuroda Nagamasa (pg. X),

Ōsaka, Seige of (pg. X),

Toyotomi Hideyori (pg. X),

Gotsuchimikado-tennō

The 103rd Emperor of Japan.

Lived 25 May 1442 to 28 Sept. 1500.

Reigned 19 July 1464 to 28 Sept. 1500.

Gouda-tennō

The 91st Emperor of Japan.

Lived 1 Dec. 1267 to 25 June 1324.

Reigned 26 Jan. 1274 to 21 Oct. 1287.

Goyōzei-tennō

The 107th Emperor of Japan.

Lived 15 Dec. 1571 to 26 Aug. 1617.

Reigned 7 Nov. 1586 to 27 March 1611.

Great Kansai Earthquake

Occurred 17 January 1995

Two great earthquakes shook Japan in the 20th century: the Great Kanto Earthquake (pg 98) in 1923 and the Great Kansai Earthquake in 1995. The latter occurred on 17 January 1995.

Great Kanto Earthquake

Occurred 1 September 1923

Two great earthquakes shook Japan in the 20th century: the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923 and the Great Kansai Earthquake (pg 98) in 1995. The former occurred on 1 September and started (as is not unusual with earthquakes) fires that killed more people than did the quake itself. An estimated 100,000 people died and as many as two million were left homeless.

Rumours spread that various unpopular groups were taking advantage of the chaos to start fires and otherwise increase the general misery. The rumours were just that – rumours, but many people, including the authorities, used them as an excuse to crack down on the groups. Hundreds of Koreans, Socialists, Anarchists, and some others were murdered – either by mobs or by the police.

Gunma Prefecture

Area: 6,363km2 (1995)

Capital: Maebashi

Population: 2,000,000 (1996)

Gyoki

Lived 668 to 749.

Habu Yoshiharu – Hyūga Province

Habu Yoshiharu

Hakuchi

Nengō: 650--654.

Hakuchō

Nengō: 673--685.

Hakuhō

Nengō: 672--685.

Hamada Hikozo

see Heco, Joseph on page 104.

Hamaguchi Osachi

aka Hamaguchi Yuko

Lived 1870 to 1931

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Katō	Finance	Jun 11, 1924	Aug 2, 1925
2nd Katō	Finance	Aug 2, 1925	Jan 30, 1926
1st Wakatsuki	Finance	Jan 30, 1926	Jun 3, 1926
1st Wakatsuki	Home Affairs	Jun 3, 1926	Dec 16, 1926
1st Wakatsuki	Home Affairs	Mar 15, 1927	Apr 20, 1927
Hamaguchi	Prime Minister	Jul 2, 1929	Apr 14, 1931

Table 14 Cabinet Positions Held by Hamaguchi Osachi

Cabinet

Name	Position	From	To
Hamaguchi Osachi	Prime Minister	Jul 2, 1929	Apr 14, 1931
Machida Chūji	Agriculture & Forestry	Jul 2, 1929	Apr 14, 1931
Suzuki Fujiya	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	Jul 2, 1929	Apr 14, 1931
Kawasaki Takukichi	Chief of Legislative Bureau	Jul 2, 1929	Apr 14, 1931
Matsuda Genji	Colonization	Jul 2, 1929	Apr 14, 1931
Tawara Magoichi	Commerce & Industry	Jul 2, 1929	Apr 14, 1931
Koizumi Matajirō	Communications	Jul 2, 1929	Apr 14, 1931
Kobashi Ichita	Education	Jul 2, 1929	Nov 29, 1929
Tanaka Ryūzō	Education	Nov 29, 1929	Apr 14, 1931
Inoue Junnosuke	Finance	Jul 2, 1929	Apr 14, 1931
Shidehara Kijurō	Foreign Affairs	Jul 2, 1929	Apr 14, 1931
Abe Nobuyuki	Hanretsu	Jun 16, 1930	Dec 10, 1930
Adachi Kenzō	Home Affairs	Jul 2, 1929	Apr 14, 1931
Watanabe Chifuyu	Justice	Jul 2, 1929	Apr 14, 1931
Takarabe Takeshi	Navy	Jul 2, 1929	Oct 3, 1930
Abo Kiyokazu	Navy	Oct 3, 1930	Apr 14, 1931
Egi Tasuku	Railways	Jul 2, 1929	Apr 14, 1931
Ugaki Kazushige	War	Jul 2, 1929	Jun 16, 1930
Abe Nobuyuki	War	Jun 16, 1930	Dec 10, 1930
Ugaki Kazushige	War	Dec 10, 1930	Apr 14, 1931

Table 15 Hamaguchi Osachi's Cabinet

Hanazono-tennō

The 95th emperor of Japan.

Lived 25 July 1297 to 11 Nov. 1348.

Reigned 26 Aug. 1308 to 26 Feb. 1318.

Son of Emperor Fushimi.

Hanzei-tennō

The 18th emperor of Japan.

Dates unknown.

Reigned 406 to 410.

Son of Emperor Nintoku.

Hara Castle

A castle in Hizen Provence. During the Shimabara Rebellion, (who-was-it-again?) besieged the rebellious peasants there.

see also:

Hara, Seige of (pg. X), Hizen Province (pg. X), Shimabara Rebellion (pg. X),

Hara Kei

Aka Hara Satoshi and Hara Takashi

Lived 9 Feb. 1856 to 4 Nov. 1921

Well known as the first `commoner' prime minister.

Cabinet Positions Held by Hara Kei

Cabinet	Position	From	To
4th Itō	Communications	Dec 22, 1900	Jun 2, 1901
1st Saionji	Home Affairs	Jan 7, 1906	Jul 14, 1908
1st Saionji	Communications	Jan 14, 1908	Mar 25, 1908
2nd Saionji	Home Affairs	Aug 30, 1911	Dec 21, 1912
1st Yamamoto	Home Affairs	Feb 20, 1913	Apr 16, 1914
Hara	Prime Minister	Sep 29, 1918	Nov 13, 1912
Hara	Justice	Sep 29, 1918	May 15, 1920

Table 16 Cabinet Positions Held by Hara Kei

Name	Position	From	To
Hara Kei	Prime Minister	Sep 29, 1918	Nov 13, 1921
Yamamoto Tatsuo	Agriculture AND Commerce	Sep 29, 1918	Nov 13, 1921
Takahashi Mitsutake	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	Sep 29, 1918	Nov 13, 1921
Yokota Sennosuke	Chief of Legislative Bureau	Sep 29, 1918	Nov 13, 1921
Noda Utarō	Communications	Sep 29, 1918	Nov 13, 1921
Nakahashi Tokugorō	Education	Sep 29, 1918	Nov 13, 1921
Takahashi Korekiyo	Finance	Sep 29, 1918	Nov 13, 1921
Uchida Kōsai	Foreign Affairs	Sep 29, 1918	Nov 13, 1921
Tokonami Takejirō	Home Affairs	Sep 29, 1918	Nov 13, 1921
Hara Kei	Justice	Sep 29, 1918	May 15, 1920
Ōki Enkichi	Justice	May 15, 1920	Nov 13, 1921
Katō Tomosaburō	Navy	Sep 29, 1918	Nov 13, 1921
Motoda Hajime	Railways	May 15, 1920	Nov 13, 1921
Tanaka Giichi	War	Sep 29, 1918	Jun 9, 1921
Yamanashi Hanzō	War	Jun 9, 1921	Nov 13, 1921

Table 17 Hara Kei's Cabinet

Hara, Seige of

Lasted from 1637—1638.

The main battle of the Shimabara Rebellion. The defenders held out against incredible odds but eventually the food runs out and grass will not sustain an army.

Harbin

Harima Province

A province in the area that is today Hyōgo Prefecture. Harima bordered on Tajima, Tamba, Settsu, Bizen, and Mimasaka.

see also:

Bizen Province (pg. X), Hyōgo Prefecture (pg. X), Mimasaka Province (pg. X), Settsu Province (pg. X), Tajima Province (pg. X), Tamba Province (pg. X),

Harris, Townsend

Lived 4 Oct. 1804 to 25 Feb. 1878.

``Plenipotentiary Minister and Consul” of the United States, Harris arrived in Japan in August of 1856. Two years later, in 1858, he signed a treaty (the ansei treaties, yes?).

Hashimoto Kingoro

Lived 1890 to 1957

Hashimoto Ryūtarō

Prime Minister from 11 January 1996 to 7 November 1996 and from 7 November 1996 to 30 July 1998.

Replaced by Obuchi Keizō (pg XXX).

Hatakeyama Family

A daimyō family originally descended from Taira Takamochi.

Hatano Hideharu

Hata Tsutomu

Prime Minister from 28 April 1994 to 30 June 1994. Replaced by Murayama Tomiichi (pg XXX).

Hatoyama Ichirō

Lived 1883 to 1959

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Tanaka	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	Apr 20, 1927	Jul 2, 1929
Inukai	Education	Dec 13, 1931	May 26, 1932
Saitō	Education	May 26, 1932	Mar 3, 1934
1st Hatoyama	Prime Minister	Dec 10, 1954	Mar 19, 1955
2nd Hatoyama	Prime Minister	Mar 19, 1955	Nov 22, 1955
3rd Hatoyama	Prime Minister	Nov 22, 1955	Dec 23, 1956

Table 18 Cabinet Positions Held by Hatoyama Ichirō

(Coming Soon - his cabinets!)

Hayashi Senjūrō

Lived 1876 to 1943.

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Saitō	War	Jan 23, 1934	Jul 8, 1934
Okada	War	Jul 8, 1934	Sep 5, 1935
Hayashi	Foreign Affairs	Feb 2, 1937	Mar 3, 1937
Hayashi	Prime Minister	Feb 2, 1937	Jun 4, 1937
Hayashi	Education	Feb 2, 1937	Jun 4, 1937

Table 19 Cabinet Positions Held by Hayashi Senjūrō

Cabinet

Name	Position	From	To
Hayashi Senjūrō	Prime Minister	Feb 2, 1937	Jun 4, 1937
Yamazaki Tatsunosuke	Agriculture & Forestry	Feb 2, 1937	Jun 4, 1937
Ōhashi Hachirō	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	Feb 2, 1937	Jun 4, 1937
Kawagoe Takeo	Chief of Legislative Bureau	Feb 2, 1937	Jun 4, 1937
Yūki Toyotarō	Colonization	Feb 2, 1937	Jun 4, 1937
Godō Takuo	Commerce & Industry	Feb 2, 1937	Jun 4, 1937
Yamazaki Tatsunosuke	Communications	Feb 2, 1937	Feb 10, 1937
Kodama Hideo	Communications	Feb 10, 1937	Jun 4, 1937
Hayashi Senjūrō	Education	Feb 2, 1937	Jun 4, 1937
Yūki Toyotarō	Finance	Feb 2, 1937	Jun 4, 1937
Hayashi Senjūrō	Foreign Affairs	Feb 2, 1937	Mar 3, 1937
Satō Naotake	Foreign Affairs	Mar 3, 1937	Jun 4, 1937
Kawarada Kakichi	Home Affairs	Feb 2, 1937	Jun 4, 1937
Shiono Suehiko	Justice	Feb 2, 1937	Jun 4, 1937
Yonai Mitsumasa	Navy	Feb 2, 1937	Jun 4, 1937
Godō Takuo	Railways	Feb 2, 1937	Jun 4, 1937
Nakamura Kōtarō	War	Feb 2, 1937	Feb 9, 1937
Sugiyama Gen	War	Feb 9, 1937	Jun 4, 1937

Table 20 Hayashi Senjūrō's Cabinet

Hayashi Tadasu

Lived 1850 to 1913

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Saionji	Foreign Affairs	May 19, 1906	Aug 30, 1906
1st Saionji	Foreign Affairs	Sep 18, 1906	Jul 14, 1908
2nd Saionji	Communications	Aug 30, 1911	Dec 21, 1912

Table 21 Cabinet Positions Held by Hayashi Tadasu

Hayashi Yuzo

Lived 1842 to 1921

Heco, Joseph

aka Hamada Hikozo

Lived 1837 to 1897

Heiji

Nengō: 1159--1159.

Heiminsha

Heisei-tennō

The 125th emperor of Japan. Also the current emperor.

Reign: 1989 to present.

Heisei

Nengō: 1989--present

Heizei-tennō

The 51st emperor of Japan.

Lived 15 Aug. 774 to 7 July 824.

Reigned 17 March 806 to 1 April 809.

Hepburn, James

Lived 1815 to 1911

Heusken, Henry

Lived 1832 to 1861

Served the U.S. government. Was murdered in Edo on 14 Jan. 1861.

Hibuya Riots

Hida Province

A province in the area that is today part of Gifu Prefecture. Hida bordered on Kaga, Etchū, Shinano, Mino, and Echizen.

see also:

Echizen Province (pg. X),

Etchū Province (pg. X),

Gifu Prefecture (pg. X),

Hida Province (pg. X),

Kaga Province (pg. X),

Mino Province (pg. X),

Shinano Province (pg. X),

Higashikuni Naruhiko

Lived 3 December 1887 to 20 Jan. 1990.

Prime Minister from 17 August 1945 to 9 October 1945.

(Add cabinet)

Higashiyama-tennō

The 113rd emperor of Japan.

Lived 3 Sept. 1675 to 17 Dec. 1709.

Reigned 21 March 1687 to 21 June 1709.

Higo Province

A province in the area that is today Kumamoto Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū. Higo bordered on Chikugo, Bungo, Hyūga, Ōsumi, and Satsuma.

see also:

Bungo Province (pg. X),

Chikugo Province (pg. X),

Hyūga Province (pg. X),

Kumamoto Prefecture (pg. X),

Kyūshū (pg. X),

Ōsumi Province (pg. X),

Satsuma Province (pg. X),

Himeji Castle

Castle in Hyōgo Prefecture (Harima Province). Originally build around 1350 by Akamatsu Sadanori. Over the years it changed hands many times. Toyotomi Hideyoshi took Himeji castle for Oda Nobunaga in 1577.

During the Tokugawa Period, a succession of daimyō were moved in and out of the castle.

see also:

Akamatsu Sadanori (pg. X),

Harima Province (pg. X),

Oda Nobunaga (pg. X),

Toyotomi Hideyoshi (pg. X),

Himiko

aka Pimiko

In ancient Chinese texts, Himiko is mentioned as the queen of Japan, but just who she was and where she ruled is still a bit of a mystery.

Hinin

Outcastes. The lowest class in pre-Meiji Japanese society. The class officially ceased to exist in 1871, but unoffical discrimination did not end overnight.

Hiranuma Kiichirō

Lived 28 Sept. 1867 to 22 Aug. 1952.

Prime Minister from 5 January 1939 to 30 August 1939.

Cabinet Posts

Cabinet	Position	From	To
2nd Yamamoto	Justice	Sep 6, 1923	Jan 7, 1924
Hiranuma	Prime Minister	Jan 5, 1939	Aug 30, 1939
2nd Konoe	Minister of State	Dec 6, 1940	Dec 21, 1940
2nd Konoe	Home Affairs	Dec 21, 1940	Jul 18, 1941
3rd Konoe	Minister of State	Jul 18, 1941	Oct 18, 1941

Table 22 Cabinet Positions Held by Hiranuma Kiichirō

Cabinet

Name	Position	From	To
Hiranuma Kiichirō	Prime Minister	Jan 5, 1939	Aug 30, 1939
Sakurauchi Yukio	Agriculture & Forestry	Jan 5, 1939	Aug 30, 1939
Tanabe Harumichi	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	Jan 5, 1939	Apr 7, 1939
Kurosaki Teizō	Chief of Legislative Bureau	Jan 5, 1939	Aug 30, 1939
Ōta Kōzō	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	Apr 7, 1939	Aug 30, 1939
Koiso Kuniaki	Colonization	Apr 7, 1939	Aug 30, 1939
Hatta Yoshiaki	Colonization	Jan 5, 1939	Apr 7, 1939
Hatta Yoshiaki	Commerce & Industry	Jan 5, 1939	Aug 30, 1939
Shiono Suehiko	Communications	Jan 5, 1939	Apr 7, 1939
Tanabe Harumichi	Communications	Apr 7, 1939	Aug 30, 1939
Araki Sadao	Education	Jan 5, 1939	Aug 30, 1939
Ishiwata Sōtarō	Finance	Jan 5, 1939	Aug 30, 1939
Arita Hachirō	Foreign Affairs	Jan 5, 1939	Aug 30, 1939
Konoe Fumimaro	Hanretsu	Jan 5, 1939	Aug 30, 1939
Kido Kōichi	Home Affairs	Jan 5, 1939	Aug 30, 1939
Shiono Suehiko	Justice	Jan 5, 1939	Aug 30, 1939
Yonai Mitsumasa	Navy	Jan 5, 1939	Aug 30, 1939
Maeda Yonezō	Railways	Jan 5, 1939	Aug 30, 1939
Itagaki Seishirō	War	Jan 5, 1939	Aug 30, 1939
Hirose Hisatada	Welfare	Jan 5, 1939	Aug 30, 1939

Table 23Hiranuma Kiichirō's Cabinet

Hiratsuka Raicho

Lived 1886 to 1971

Hirohito

see Showa-tennō (page XXX)

Hirose Saihei

Lived 1828 to 1914

Hiroshima, Bombing Of

The United States military dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan, on 6 August 1945.

Hiroshima City

The capital of Hiroshima Prefecture.

Hiroshima was the first city --- Japanese or otherwise --- to suffer a nuclear bombing. The only other city to have a nuclear weapon used on it is Nagasaki, in Nagasaki Prefecture.

see also:

Hiroshima, Bombing of&pg XXX

Nagasaki, Bombing of&pg XXX

Nagasaki City&pg XXX

Hiroshima Prefecture

Area: 8,475 km2 (1995)

Capital: Hiroshima

Population: 2,870,000 (1996)

Hirota Kōki

Lived 14 Feb. 1878 to 23 Dec. 1948

Executed as a class `A' war criminal.

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Saitō	Foreign Affairs	Sep 14, 1933	Jul 8, 1934
Okada	Foreign Affairs	Jul 8, 1934	Mar 9, 1936
Hirota	Foreign Affairs	Mar 9, 1936	Apr 2, 1936
Hirota	Prime Minister	Mar 9, 1936	Feb 2, 1937
1st Konoe	Foreign Affairs	Jun 4, 1937	May 26, 1938

Table 24 Cabinet Positions Held by Hirota Kōki

Name	Position	From	To
Hirota Kōki	Prime Minister	Mar 9, 1936	Feb 2, 1937
Shimada Toshio	Agriculture & Forestry	Mar 9, 1936	Feb 2, 1937
Fujinuma Shōhei	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	Mar 9, 1936	Feb 2, 1937
Tsugita Daizaburō	Chief of Legislative Bureau	Mar 9, 1936	Feb 2, 1937
Nagata Hidejirō	Colonization	Mar 9, 1936	Feb 2, 1937
Kawasaki Takukichi	Commerce & Industry	Mar 9, 1936	Mar 27, 1936
Ogawa Gōtarō	Commerce & Industry	Mar 28, 1936	Feb 2, 1937
Tanomogi Keikichi	Communications	Mar 9, 1936	Feb 2, 1937
Ushio Keinosuke	Education	Mar 9, 1936	Mar 25, 1936
Hirao Hachisaburō	Education	Mar 25, 1936	Feb 2, 1937
Baba Eiichi	Finance	Mar 9, 1936	Feb 2, 1937
Hirota Kōki	Foreign Affairs	Mar 9, 1936	Apr 2, 1936
Arita Hachirō	Foreign Affairs	Apr 2, 1936	Feb 2, 1937
Ushio Keinosuke	Home Affairs	Mar 9, 1936	Feb 2, 1937
Hayashi Raizaburō	Justice	Mar 9, 1936	Feb 2, 1937
Nagano Osami	Navy	Mar 9, 1936	Feb 2, 1937
Maeda Yonezō	Railways	Mar 9, 1936	Feb 2, 1937
Terauchi Hisaichi	War	Mar 9, 1936	Feb 2, 1937

Table 25 Hirota Kōki's Cabinet

Hisaakira

Lived 1276--1328.

(ADD rule dates)

The seventh son of the Emperor Gofukakusa.

He was made shōgun by Hōjō Sadatoki, replacing Koreyasu.

see also:

Gofukakusa-tennō (pg. X),

Hōjō Sadatoki (pg. X),

Koreyasu (pg. X),

Table of Shōgun&XXX

Hitachi Province

A province which bordered on Iwashiro, Iwaki, Shimōsa, and Shimotsuku Provinces. Today the area is Ibaraki Prefecture.

see also:

Ibaraki Prefecture (pg. X),

Iwaki Province (pg. X),

Iwashiro Province (pg. X),

Shimōsa Province (pg. X),

Shimotsuku Province (pg. X),

Hiyama Castle

Hizen Province

A province which bordered on Chikuzen and Chikugo. Today the area is part of Nagasaki Prefecture.

Hideyoshi directed the invasion of Korea from the city of Nagoya, in Hizen.

The Shimabara Rebellion took place in Hizen Province.

see also:

Chikugo Province (pg. X),

Chikuzen Province (pg. X),

Korea, Invasion of (pg. X),

Shimabara Rebellion (pg. X),

Hōan

Nengō: 1120--1123.

Hōei

Nengō: 1704--1710.

Hōen

Nengō: 1135--1140.

Hōgen

Nengō: 1156--1158.

Hōji

Nengō: 1247--1248.

Hōjō Family

Descended from Taira Sadamori. There are two main branches:

The Kamakura Hōjō controlled the Minamoto Shōgun (and thus the Kamakura Shōgunate) by acting as regents for them.

The Odawara Hōjō branch descended from Ise Shinkurō, whose son, Ujitsuna, married into the Hōjō family in the 1490s. (Shinkurō later took the name Hōjō Nagauji and later Hōjō Sōun, by which he is well known.)

see also:

Hōjō Sōun (pg. X),

Hōjō Ujitsuna (pg. X),

Kamakura Shōgunate (pg. X),

Hojoji

A temple in Kyōto.

Hōjō Masako

Lived 1157 to 1225

aka Ama Shogun (Nun Shogun)

Hōjō Masako married Minamoto Yoritomo. She became a nun after he died but remained the power behind the shōgun until her death in 1225.

Hōjō Tokiyori

Lived 1226 to 1263.

5th Kamakura Regent. Held office from 1246 to 1256.

Hōjō Tsunetoki

Lived 1224 to 1246.

4th Kamakura Regent. Held office from 1242 to 1246.

Son of Hōjō Tokiuji.

Hōjō Ujikuni

Son of Hōjō Ujiyasu.

Hōjō Ujiteru

Son of Hōjō Ujiyasu.

Hōjō Ujiyasu

Lived 1515 to 1570.

Son of Hōjō Ujitsuna. Father of Hōjō Ujikuni and Hōjō Ujiteru.

Fought many battles against the Uesugi, Imagawa, the Takeda, the Ota, the Mogami, and the Ashikaga Families. Not all at once of course.

His 7th son was adopted by Uesugi Kenshin and became Uesugi Kagetora.

see also:

Hōjō (pg. X),

Hōjō (pg. X),

Uesugi Kagetora (pg. X),

Uesugi Kenshin (pg. X),

Hōjō Yasutoki

Lived 1183 to 1242.

The 3rd Kamakura Regent. Held office from 1224 to 1242.

Hōki Province

A province in the area that is today Tottori Prefecture. Hoki bordered on Inaba, Mamasaka, Bitchū, Bingo, and Izumo Provinces.

see also:

Bingo Province (pg. X), Bitchū Province (pg. X), Inaba Province (pg. X), Izumo Province (pg. X), Mimasaka Province (pg. X), Tottori Prefecture pg. XXX

Hōki

Nengō: 770--780.

Hokkaidō Prefecture

Technically, not a ken but a dō.

The largest prefecture in Japan and also the most northerly. Known in Tokugawa times as Ezo.

Area: 83,452 km2 (1995)

Capital: Sapporo

Population: 5,690,000 (1996)

Honda Sōichirō

Lived 1906 to 1991

Honnōji, Seige of

Took place in 1582.

Akechi Mitsuhide attacked Oda Nobunaga at the Honnōji, a temple in Kyōto. Mitsuhide was one of Nobunaga's generals and surprise was complete. Nobunaga only had his bodyguards with him and committed suicide.

See the entry for Akechi Mitsuhide for information on his motives.

see also:

Akechi Mitsuhide (pg. X),

Oda Nobunaga (pg. X),

Yamazaki, Battle of (pg. X),

Honshū

One of the four main islands of Japan. Honshū is the main island in that most of the population of the country lives there and most of the most important cities are located in Honshū.

see also:

Hokkaidō Prefecture pg. X, Kyūshū (pg. X), Shikoku (pg. X)

Hōreki

Nengō: 1751--1763.

Hori Chikamasa

Son of Hori Chikayoshi.

Hori Chikasada

Son of Hori Chikamasa. (double check this)

Hori Chikayoshi

Lived 1580 to 1637.

Son of Hori Hidemasa.

Daimyō of Zōō (Echigo, 40,000 koku). Dispossessed in 1610 but two years later he was given Mōka in Shimotsuke. In 1627 he received Karasuyama, also in Shimotsuke.

Hori Family

A daimyō family from Mino. Descended from Fujiwara Uona (pg XXX).

Hori Hideharu

Lived 1575 to 1606.

Son of Hori Hidemasa.

Became daimyō of Kasugayama (where? how many koku?) on 1590. In 1598, received Takata (350,000 koku) in Echigo.

see also:

Echigo Province (pg. X),

Hori Hidemasa (pg. X),

Kasugayama-han (pg. X),

Takata-han (pg. X),

Hori Hidemasa

Lived 1553-1590.

Fought for Ōda Nobunaga. Sided with Hideyoshi at the Battle of Yamazaki.

Horikawa-tennō

The 73rd emperor of Japan.

Lived 9 July 1079 to 19 July 1107.

Reigned 26 Nov. 1086 to 19 July 1107.

Second son of Shirakawa-tennō. Put on the throne at age nine.

see also:

Shirakawa-tennō (pg. X),

Horio Family

A daimyō family from Owari.

Horio Tadaharu

Lived 1599 to 1633.

Son of Horio Tadauji.

Tadaharu died childless and his lands reverted to the Shogunate.

Horio Tadauji

Lived 1575 to 1604.

Son of Horio Yoshiharu.

Horio Yoshiharu

Lived 1543 to 1611.

Hori Tadatoshi

Son of Hori Hideharu. Dispossessed in 1610 for maladministration.

Hori Toshishige

Son of Hori Hidemasa.

Hoshi Toru

Lived 1850 to 1901

Hosokawa Akiuji

Died 1352.

Son of Yorisada.

Hosokawa Family

A daimyō family descended from Minamoto Yoshisue.

Hosokawa Harumoto

Lived 1519 to 1563.

Hosokawa Jōzen

Brother of Akiuji.

Hosokawa Katsumoto

Lived 1430 to 11 May 1473.

Hosokawa Kiyouji

Died 1362.

Hosokawa Masamoto

Lived 1466 to 1507.

Hosokawa Mitsumoto

Lived 1358 to 1426.

Hosokawa Mochiyuki

Lived 1400 to 1442.

Hosokawa Morihiro

Prime Minister from 9 August 1993 to 28 April 1994. Replaced by Hata Tsutomu (pg XXX).

Hosokawa Sumimoto

Lived 1496 to 1520.

Hosokawa Ujihara

Died 1387.

Hosokawa Yoriharu

Lived 1299 to 1352.

Hosokawa Yorimoto

Lived 1343 to 1397.

Son of Hosokawa Yoriharu.

Hosokawa Yoriyuki

Lived 1329 to 1392.

Son of Hosokawa Yoriharu.

Hōtoku

Nengō: 1449--1451.

Hotta Family

Daimyō family from Owara. Descended from Takeshiuchi no Sukune.

Hotta Masaharu

Son of Hotta Masatora.

Hotta Masamine

Son of Masataka.

Hotta Masamori

Lived 1608 to 20 April 1651.

Father of Hotta Masatoshi.

Hotta Masamutsu

Lived 1810 to 1864.

Hotta Masanaga

Son of Masamine.

Hotta Masanaka

Lived 1660 to 1694.

Hotta Masanobu

Lived 1629 to 1677.

Son of Hotta Masamori.

Hotta Masanobu

Son of Hotta Masatomo.

Hotta Masataka

Son of Hotta Masatoshi.

Hotta Masatomo

Son of Hotta Masayasu.

Hotta Masatora

Lived 1662 to 1729.

Hotta Masatoshi

Lived 1631 to 28 Aug. 1684.

Hotta Masayasu

Son of Hotta Masanobu.

House of Peers

Hozumi Nobushige

Lived 1856 to 1926

Hyōgo Prefecture

Area: 8,387 km2 (1995)

Capital: Kōbe

Population: 5,420,000 (1996)

Hyūga Province

A province on the east coast of Kyūshū. Today Miyazaki Prefecture. Hyūga bordered on Bungo, Higo, Ōsumi, and Satsuma Provinces.

see also:

Bungo Province (pg. X), Higo Province (pg. X), Kyūshū (pg. X), Miyazaki Prefecture (pg. X), Ōsumi Province (pg. X), Satsuma Province (pg. X),

Ibaraki Castle – Izu Province

Ibaraki Castle

Ibaraki Prefecture

Area: 6,094 km2 (1995)

Capital: Mitō

Population: 2,970,000 (1996)

Ibara Saikaku

see Ihara Saikaku (page XXX)

Ichijō Fusaie

Lived 1445 to 1511.

Ichijō Kanesada

Lived 1542 to 1585.

Ichijō Nobutatsu

Died 1582.

Ichijō-tennō

The 66th emperor of Japan.

Lived 1 June 980 to 22 June 1011.

Reigned 23 June 986 to 13 June 1011.

Ichijō Uchimasa

Lived 1569 to 1580.

Ichikawa Danjūro

The hereditary name of the head of a group (family?) of kabuki actors. There have been at least 12 generations of them. The first was Ebizō, also known as Saigyū.

Ichikawa Fusae

Lived 1893 to 1981.

Iga Province

A province in the area that is today Mie Prefecture. Iga bordered on Ise, Ōmi, Yamato, and Yamashiro Provinces.

see also:

Ise Province (pg. X),

Mie Prefecture (pg. X),

Ōmi Province (pg. X),

Yamato Province (pg. X),

Yamashiro Province (pg. X),

Ihara Saikaku

aka Ibara Saikaku

Lived 1642 to 10 Aug. 1693. Born in Ōsaka.

Prolific and popular author during the Tokugawa period. Among other works, he penned: Five Women Who Loved Love, The Life of an Amorous Man, The Life of an Amorous Woman, and This Scheming World.

Ii Naosuke

Lived 29 Oct. 1815 to 3 March 1860.

Born in Ōsaka. Son of Ii Naotaka.

A high ranking official in the Tokugawa government. Naosuke was responsible for the government's signing of treaties with the United States, Britain, France, and later other counties.

Supported the twelve year old Iemochi for shōgun, opposing Hitotsubashi Keiki.

Led the Ansei Purge.

Naosuke's actions caused great resentment and won him many enemies. He was assassinated on 3 March 1860 by 17 Mitō rōnin.

Ikeda Hayato

Lived 1899 to 1965.

Prime Minister from 19 July 1960 to 8 December 1960, 8 December 1960 to 9 December 1963, and 9 December 1963 to 9 November 1964.

Ikeda Nobuteru

Lived 1536 to 1584.

Served Oda Nobuhide, Oda Nobunaga and then Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Received a fief in Settsu and Amagasaki Castle from Nobunaga in 1579. Killed at the Battle of Nagakute.

see also:

Amagasaki Castle (pg. X),

Nagakute, Battle of (pg. X),

Oda Nobunaga (pg. X),

Settsu Province (pg. X),

Toyotomi Hideyoshi (pg. X),

Iki Province

A province in the area that is today Nagasaki Prefecture. Iki is an island between Hizen Province and the island of Tsushima.

Iki was invaded and overrun by the Mongols in 1274 and 1281.

see also:

Hizen Province (pg. X),

Mongol Invasions (pg. X),

Nagasaki Prefecture (pg. X),

Tsushima Province (pg. X),

Ikkō-Ikki

Imagawa Family

A daimyō family of Seiwa Genji decent.

Imagawa Yoshimoto

Died 1560.

Lost Terabe castle in 1558 when Suzuki Shigeteru left him for Oda Nobunaga and Yoshimoto's vassal Tokugawa Ieyasu was unable to retake the castle.

Yoshimoto was killed in 1560 at the battle of Okehazama, by the forces of Oda Nobunaga.

see also:

Tokugawa Ieyasu (pg. X),

Oda Nobunaga (pg. X),

Terabe, Seige of (pg. X),

Suzuki Shigeru (pg. X),

Okehazama, Battle of (pg. X),

Imahama Castle

Imperial Rule Assistance Political Association

Imperial Way Faction

The Kodoha or “Imperial Way Faction” was an informally organized right wing association of mostly junior and field grade Imperial Army officers who sought to dismantle party influence in Japanese politics and “restore” the Emperor as an absolute ruler with the army as his main instrument of policy. Heavily influenced by such “Asia for the Asians” political philosophers as Gondo Seikei (1868-1937), Kita Ikki (1883-1937), Okawa Shumei (1886-1957) and the ideology of the Kokyrukai (Amur River or “Black Dragon” Society) political and criminal organization, the Kodoha officers, over 80% of whom were from rural farming and fishing communities, viewed the democratic process and Western-influenced materialism of urban Japanese society at the time as an emasculation and apostasy of traditional values, and they were prepared to use violence to rectify this situation. The Kodoha was effectively crippled as a serious player in the Japanese political power game after a failed coup d'etat attempt by Kodoha officers in February 1936, but not before the theories of its spiritual leader General Sadao Araki had poisoned Japanese educational policy with fanatical militarism, and even more disastrously, not before many of its less-conspicuous members were already well ensconced in fast-track elite course niches that would put them in influential policy-making positions during the crucial Pacific War years.

by M.G. Sheftall

Contributed December 2002

Sources and Suggested Reading

Hirohito by Herbert Bix

Hirohito, Behind the Myth by Edward Behr

Soldier of the Sun by Meirion and Susan Harries

The Way of the Heavenly Sword by Leonard A. Humphreys

Inaba Ittetsu

Inaba Province

A province in the area that is today Tottori Prefecture. Inaba bordered on Harima, Hōki, Mimasaka, and Tajima Provinces.

see also:

Harima Province (pg. X), Hōki Province (pg. X), Mimasaka Province (pg. X), Tajima Province (pg. X), Tottori Province pg. XXX

Ingyō-tennō

The 19th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 412 to 453.

Ino Tadataka

Lived 1745 to 1818.

Inoue Akira

see Inoue Nissho (page XXX)

Inoue Bunda

see Inoue Kaoru (page XXX)

Inoue Junnosuke

Lived 1869 to 1932.

Cabinet	Position	From	To
2nd Yamamoto	Finance	Sep 2, 1923	Jan 7, 1924
Hamaguchi	Finance	Jul 2, 1929	Apr 14, 1931
2nd Wakatsuki	Finance	Apr 14, 1931	Dec 13, 1931

Table 26 Cabinet Positions Held by Inoue Junnosuke

Inoue Kaoru

aka Inoue Bunda

Lived 1835 to 1915.

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Itō	Foreign Affairs	Dec 22, 1885	Sep 16, 1887
2nd Itō	Home Affairs	Aug 8, 1892	Oct 15, 1894
2nd Itō	Prime Minister (Acting)	Nov 28, 1892	Feb 6, 1893
3rd Itō	Finance	Jan 12, 1898	Jun 30, 1898

Table 27 Cabinet Positions Held by Inoue Kaoru

Inoue Kowashi

Lived 1843 to 1895.

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Itō	Chief of Legislative Bureau	Feb 7, 1888	Apr 30, 1888
Kuroda	Chief of Legislative Bureau	Apr 30, 1888	Dec 24, 1889
1st Yamagata	Chief of Legislative Bureau	Dec 24, 1889	May 6, 1891
2nd Itō	Education	Mar 7, 1893	Aug 29, 1894

Table 28 Cabinet Positions Held by Inoue Kowashi

Inoue Nissho

aka Inoue Akira

Lived 1886 to 1967.

Inoue Tetsujiro

Lived 1856 to 1944.

Inukai Tsuyoshi

Lived 20 April 1855 to 15 May 1932.

Prime Minister from 13 December 1931 to 15 May 1932. His cabinet lasted until 26 May 1932.

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Ōkuma	Education	Oct 27, 1898	Nov 8, 1898
2nd Yamamoto	Education	Sep 2, 1923	Sep 6, 1923
2nd Yamamoto	Communications	Sep 2, 1923	Jan 7, 1924
1st Katō	Communications	Jun 11, 1924	May 30, 1925
Inukai	Foreign Affairs	Dec 13, 1931	Jan 14, 1932
Inukai	Prime Minister	Dec 13, 1931	May 15, 1932
Inukai	Home Affairs	Mar 16, 1932	Mar 25, 1932

Table 29 Cabinet Positions Held by Inukai Tsuyoshi

Name	Position	From	To
Inukai Tsuyoshi	Prime Minister	Dec 13, 1931	May 15, 1932
Yamamoto Teijirō	Agriculture & Forestry	Dec 13, 1931	May 26, 1932
Mori Kaku	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	Dec 13, 1931	May 26, 1932
Shimada Toshio	Chief of Legislative Bureau	Dec 13, 1931	May 26, 1932
Hata Toyosuke	Colonization	Dec 13, 1931	May 26, 1932
Maeda Yonezō	Commerce & Industry	Dec 13, 1931	May 26, 1932
Mitsuchi Chūzō	Communications	Dec 13, 1931	May 26, 1932
Hatoyama Ichirō	Education	Dec 13, 1931	May 26, 1932
Takahashi Korekiyo	Finance	Dec 13, 1931	May 26, 1932
Inukai Tsuyoshi	Foreign Affairs	Dec 13, 1931	Jan 14, 1932
Yoshizawa Kenkichi	Foreign Affairs	Jan 14, 1932	May 26, 1932
Nakahashi Tokugorō	Home Affairs	Dec 13, 1931	Mar 16, 1932
Inukai Tsuyoshi	Home Affairs	Mar 16, 1932	Mar 25, 1932
Suzuki Kisaburō	Home Affairs	Mar 25, 1932	May 26, 1932
Suzuki Kisaburō	Justice	Dec 13, 1931	Mar 25, 1932
Kawamura Takeji	Justice	Mar 25, 1932	May 26, 1932
Ōsumi Mineo	Navy	Dec 13, 1931	May 26, 1932
Tokonami Takejirō	Railways	Dec 13, 1931	May 26, 1932
Araki Sadao	War	Dec 13, 1931	May 26, 1932

Table 30 Inukai Tsuyoshi's Cabinet

Ioji

Ioji-yama

A mountain in Mikawa Province. In 1575, Takeda Katsuyori and Oda Nobunaga fought part of the Battle of Nagashino on Ioji-yama.

see also:

Mikawa Province (pg. X),

Nagashino, Battle of (pg. X),

Oda Nobunaga (pg. X),

Takeda Katsuyori (pg. X),

Ise Province

A province in the area that is today Mie Prefecture. Ise bordered on Iga, Kii, Mino, Ōmi, Owari, Shima, and Yamato Provinces.

Domains

Fief	Koku	Controlled by:	From	To
Matsuzaka	37000	Furuta Shigekatsu	1600	

Table 31Domains in Ise Province

see also:

Furuta Shigekatsu (pg. X),

Iga Province (pg. X),

Kii Province (pg. X),

Matsuzaka-han (pg. X),

Mie Prefecture (pg. X),

Mino Province (pg. X),

Ōmi Province (pg. X),

Shima Province (pg. X),

Yamato Province (pg. X),

Ishibashi Tanzan

Lived 1884 to 1973.

Prime Minister from 23 December 1956 to 25 February 1957.

Ishida Baigan

Lived 1685 to 1744.

Ishida Mitsunari

Lived 1560 to 1600

The prime mover behind the anti-Tokugawa coalition that lost the Battle of Sekigahara. Mitsunari was a better schemer than general or diplomat and this caused some friction in the coalition. At the very least Mitsunari's personality hurt morale among the commanders of the Western army and conceivably contributed to their defeat.

See Also

Sekigahara, Battle of (pg 252)

Ishihara Kanji

see Ishiwara Kanji on page XX.

Ishii Kikujiro

Lived 1866 to 1945.

Ishikawa Prefecture

Area: 4,185 km2 (1995)

Capital: Kanazawa

Population: 1,170,000 (1996)

One of the 47 major administrative units in modern Japan. Ishikawa is located along the Sea of Japan side, right about in the middle. The Noto Peninsula (page XXX), which is part of Ishikawa, juts out into the Sea of Japan and makes it very easy to find Ishikawa on a map.

Ishikawa Sanshiro

Lived 1876 to 1956.

Ishiwara Kanji

aka Ishihara Kanji

Lived 1893 to 1981

Ishiyama Hongan-ji

Seat of the Ikkō sect after the Honganji in Kyotō was destroyed. It took Oda Nobunaga ten years to finally reduce this stronghold.

Ishizawa Taizo

Lived 1886 to 1975.

Itagaki Seishirō

Lived 21 Jan. 1885 to 23 Dec. 1948

Soldier.

Tried as a class `A' war criminal and executed.

Itagaki Taisuke

Lived 1837 to 1919.

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
2nd Itō	Home Affairs	Apr 14, 1896	Sep 18, 1896
2nd Matsukata	Home Affairs	Sep 18, 1896	Sep 20, 1896
1st Ōkuma	Home Affairs	Jun 30, 1898	Nov 8, 1898

Table 32 Cabinet Positions Held by Itagaki Taisuke

Itai-Itai-Byō

A Mitsui (chemical?) plant in Gifu Prefecture released cadmium into a river and said cadmium eventually made people in Toyama sick. Doctors understood cadmium to be the cause of the illness in 1957. A movement for redress was started in 1963 and eventually 183 people were recognized by the government as suffering from the disease.

(this entry needs to be double checked as well as a lot more detail)

Itami Castle

Itō Hirobumi

Lived 2 Sept. 1841 to 26 Oct. 1909

Born into a low ranking Chōshū samurai family in 1841. Originally held anti-foreign views but later became anti to bakufu.

Secretly visited England 1863 to 1864.

Held a variety of posts in the Meiji government. Was a member of the Iwakura Mission. By 1881 he was one of the most powerful men in the government and the 1881 political crisis further cemented his power.

Visited Europe in 1882 “to study Western Constitutions” (many people believe he had already decided on the German model). Upon his return, he lead the creation of the peerage system and the cabinet system.

Was Japan's first prime minister.

President of the Privy Council: 1888 to 1890 and 1903 to 1905

Resident-General of the Protectorate of Korea from 1905 to 1909.

Assassinated by a Korean nationalist at Harbin in 1909.

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Itō	Prime Minister	Dec 22, 1885	Apr 30, 1888
1st Itō	Foreign Affairs	Sep 16, 1887	Feb 1, 1888
Kuroda	Hanretsu	Apr 30, 1888	Dec 24, 1889
2nd Itō	Prime Minister	Aug 8, 1892	Sep 18, 1896
3rd Itō	Prime Minister	Jan 12, 1898	Jun 30, 1898
4th Itō	Prime Minister	Oct 19, 1900	Jun 2, 1901

Table 33 Cabinet Positions Held by Itō Hirobumi

First Cabinet

Name	Position	From	To
Itō Hirobumi	Prime Minister	Dec 22, 1885	Apr 30, 1888
Tani Kanjō	Agriculture & Commerce	Dec 22, 1885	Jul 26, 1887
Hijikata Hisamoto	Agriculture & Commerce	Jul 26, 1887	Sep 16, 1887
Kurota Kiyotaka	Agriculture & Commerce	Sep 16, 1887	Apr 30, 1888
Tanaka Mitsuaki	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	Dec 22, 1885	Apr 30, 1888
Enomoto Takeaki	Communications	Dec 22, 1885	Apr 30, 1888
Inoue Kowashi	Chief of Legislative Bureau	Feb 7, 1888	Apr 30, 1888
Yamao Yōzō	Director of Legislative Bureau	Dec 23, 1885	Feb 7, 1888
Mori Arinori	Education	Dec 22, 1885	Apr 30, 1888
Matsukata Masayoshi	Finance	Dec 22, 1885	Apr 30, 1888
Inoue Kaoru	Foreign Affairs	Dec 22, 1885	Sep 16, 1887
Itō Hirobumi	Foreign Affairs	Sep 16, 1887	Feb 1, 1888
Ōkuma Shigenobu	Foreign Affairs	Feb 1, 1888	Apr 30, 1888
Yamagata Aritomo	Home Affairs	Dec 22, 1885	Apr 30, 1888
Yamada Akiyoshi	Justice	Dec 22, 1885	Apr 30, 1888
Saigō Tsugumichi	Navy	Dec 22, 1885	Jul 10, 1886
Ōyama Iwao	Navy	Jul 10, 1886	Jul 1, 1887
Saigō Tsugumichi	Navy	Jul 1, 1887	Apr 30, 1888
Ōyama Iwao	War	Dec 22, 1885	Apr 30, 1888

Table 34 Itō Hirobumi's First Cabinet

Second Cabinet

Name	Position	From	To
Itō Hirobumi	Prime Minister	Aug 8, 1892	Sep 18, 1896
Inoue Kaoru	Prime Minister (Acting)	Nov 28, 1892	Feb 6, 1893
Gotō Shōjirō	Agriculture & Commerce	Aug 8, 1892	Jan 22, 1894
Enomoto Takeaki	Agriculture & Commerce	Jan 22, 1894	Sep 18, 1896
Itō Miyoji	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	Aug 8, 1892	Sep 18, 1896
Suematsu Kenchō	Chief of Legislative Bureau	Aug 8, 1892	Sep 18, 1896
Takashima Tomonosuke	Colonization	Aug 8, 1892	Sep 18, 1896
Watanabe Kunitake	Communications	Mar 17, 1895	Oct 9, 1895
Shirane Sen'ichi	Communications	Oct 9, 1895	Sep 18, 1896
Kōno Togama	Education	Aug 8, 1892	Mar 7, 1893
Inoue Kowashi	Education	Mar 7, 1893	Aug 29, 1894
Saionji Kinmochi	Education	Oct 3, 1894	Sep 18, 1896
Watanabe Kuniaki	Finance	Aug 8, 1892	Mar 17, 1895
Matsukata Masayoshi	Finance	Mar 17, 1895	Aug 27, 1895
Watanabe Kuniaki	Finance	Aug 27, 1895	Sep 18, 1896
Mutsu Munemitsu	Foreign Affairs	Aug 8, 1892	Jun 5, 1895
Saionji Kinmochi	Foreign Affairs	Jun 5, 1895	Apr 3, 1896
Mutsu Munemitsu	Foreign Affairs	Apr 3, 1896	May 30, 1896
Saionji Kinmochi	Foreign Affairs	May 30, 1896	Sep 18, 1896
Kurota Kiyotaka	Hanretsu	Mar 17, 1895	Sep 18, 1896
Inoue Kaoru	Home Affairs	Aug 8, 1892	Oct 15, 1894
Nomura Yasushi	Home Affairs	Oct 15, 1894	Feb 3, 1896
Yoshikawa Akimasa	Home Affairs	Feb 3, 1896	Apr 14, 1896
Itagaki Taisuke	Home Affairs	Apr 14, 1896	Sep 18, 1896
Yamagata Aritomo	Justice	Aug 8, 1892	Mar 11, 1893
Yoshikawa Akimasa	Justice	Mar 16, 1893	Oct 3, 1894
Nire Kagenori	Navy	Aug 8, 1892	Mar 11, 1893
Saigō Tsugumichi	Navy	Mar 11, 1893	Sep 18, 1896
Ōyama Iwao	War	Aug 8, 1892	Oct 9, 1894
Saigō Tsugumichi	War	Oct 9, 1894	Mar 7, 1895
Yamagata Aritomo	War	Mar 7, 1895	Apr 28, 1895
Saigō Tsugumichi	War	Apr 28, 1895	May 8, 1895
Yamagata Aritomo	War	May 8, 1895	May 26, 1895
Ōyama Iwao	War	May 26, 1895	Sep 18, 1896

Table 35 Itō Hirobumi's Second Cabinet

Third Cabinet

Name	Position	From	To
Itō Hirobumi	Prime Minister	Jan 12, 1898	Jun 30, 1898
Itō Miyoji	Agriculture & Commerce	Jan 12, 1898	Apr 26, 1898
Kaneko Kentarō	Agriculture & Commerce	Apr 26, 1898	Jun 30, 1898
Samejima Takenosuke	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	Jan 12, 1898	Jun 30, 1898
Ume Kenjirō	Chief of Legislative Bureau	Jan 12, 1898	Jun 30, 1898
Suematsu Kenchō	Communications	Jan 12, 1898	Jun 30, 1898
Saionji Kinmochi	Education	Jan 12, 1898	Apr 30, 1898
Toyama Shōichi	Education	Apr 30, 1898	Jun 30, 1988
Inoue Kaoru	Finance	Jan 12, 1898	Jun 30, 1898
Nishi Tokujirō	Foreign Affairs	Jan 12, 1898	Jun 30, 1898
Yoshikawa Akimasa	Home Affairs	Jan 12, 1898	Jun 30, 1898
Sone Arasuke	Justice	Jan 12, 1898	Jun 30, 1898
Saigō Tsugumichi	Navy	Jan 12, 1898	Jun 30, 1898
Katsura Tarō	War	Jan 12, 1898	Jun 30, 1898

Table 36 Itō Hirobumi's Third Cabinet

Fourth Cabinet

Name	Position	From	To
Itō Hirobumi	Prime Minister	Oct 19, 1900	Jun 2, 1901
Hayashi Yūzō	Agriculture & Commerce	Oct 19, 1900	Jun 2, 1901
Samejima Takenosuke	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	Oct 19, 1900	Jun 2, 1901
Okuda Yoshindo	Chief of Legislative Bureau	Oct 19, 1900	Jun 2, 1901
Hoshi Tōru	Communications	Oct 19, 1900	Dec 22, 1900
Hara Kei	Communications	Dec 22, 1900	Jun 2, 1901
Matsuda Masahisa	Education	Oct 19, 1900	Jun 2, 1901
Watanabe Kunitake	Finance	Oct 19, 1900	May 14, 1901
Saionji Kinmochi	Finance	May 14, 1901	Jun 2, 1901
Katō Takaaki	Foreign Affairs	Oct 19, 1900	Jun 2, 1901
Saionji Kinmochi	Hanretsu	Oct 19, 1900	Jun 2, 1901
Suematsu Kenchō	Home Affairs	Oct 19, 1900	Jun 2, 1901
Kaneko Kentarō	Justice	Oct 19, 1900	Jun 2, 1901
Yamamoto Gonnohyōe	Navy	Oct 19, 1900	Jun 2, 1901
Katsura Tarō	War	Oct 19, 1900	Dec 23, 1900
Kodama Gentarō	War	Dec 23, 1900	Jun 2, 1901

Table 37Itō Hirobumi's Fourth Cabinet

See Also

Chōshū-han (pg. X), Iwakura Mission (pg. X), Political Crisis of 1881 (pg. X), Table of Prime Ministers (pg. X), Korea, Protectorate of (pg. X), Harbin (pg. X),

Itoku-tennō

The 4th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 510 to 477 B.C.

Itō Miyoji

Lived 7 May 1857 to 19 Feb. 1934.

Politician.

Itō Noe

Lived 21 Jan. 1895 to 16 Sept. 1923

From Fukuoka.

Itō Noe was active in the early 1900's as a feminist and an anarchist.

Joined the Seitosha in 1913.

Lived and worked with the anarchist Ōsugi Sakae from 1916. Less emphasis on feminism and more on anarchism.

Arrested, along with a nephew and Ōsugi, after the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923. All three were murdered by the police shortly afterwards.

See Also

Anarchism (pg. X), Feminism (pg. X), Great Kanto Earthquake (pg. 98), Ōsugi Sakae (pg. 234), Seitosha (pg. X),

Iwaki Province

Today part of Fukushima and Miyagi Prefectures. Iwaki bordered on Hitachi, Iwashiro, Rikuzen, Shimotsuke, and Uzen Provinces.

See Also

Fukushima Prefecture (pg. X), Hitachi Province (pg. X), Iwashiro Province (pg. X), Miyagi Prefecture (pg. X), Rikuzen Province (pg. X), Shimotsuke Province (pg. X), Uzen Province (pg. X),

Iwakura Mission

Lasted from 1871 to 1873

Iwakura Tomomi

Lived 15 Sept. 1825 to 20 July 1883.

Iwami Province

A province in the area that is today part of Shimane Prefecture. Iwami bordered on Aki, Bingo, Izumo, Nagato, and Suō Provinces.

see also:

Aki Province (pg. X),

Bingo Province (pg. X),

Izumi Province (pg. X),

Nagato Province (pg. X),

Shimane Prefecture (pg. X),

Suō Province (pg. X),

Iwamura, Seige of

Akiyama Nobutomo took the castle from the widow of Tōyama Kagetō.

see also:

Akiyama Nobutomo (pg. X),

Tōyama Kagetō (pg. X),

**H3

Iwasaki Yataro

Lived 1835 to 1885.

Iwashiro Province

A province in the area that is today Fukushima Prefecture. Iwashiro bordered on Echigo, Iwaki, Kōzuke, Shimotsuke, and Uzen Provinces.

see also:

Echigo Province (pg. X),

Fukushima Prefecture (pg. X),

Iwaki Province (pg. X),

Kōzuke Province (pg. X),

Shimotsuke Province (pg. X),

Uzen Province (pg. X),

Iwate Prefecture

Area: 15,278 km2 (1995)

Capital: Moriaki

Population: 1,430,000 (1996)

Iyo Province

A province in the area that is today Ehime Prefecture on Shikoku. Iyo bordered on Awa, Sanuki, and Tosa Provinces.

see also:

Awa Province (pg. X),

Ehime Prefecture (pg. X),

Sanuki Province (pg. X),

Shikoku (pg. X),

Tosa Province (pg. X),

Izumi Province

A province in the area that is today part of Ōsaka Prefecture. Izumi bordered on Kawachi, Kii, and Settsu Provinces.

see also:

Kawachi Province (pg. X),

Kii Province (pg. X),

Ōsaka Prefecture (pg. X),

Settsu Province (pg. X),

Izumo Province

A province in the area that is today part of Shimane Prefecture. Izumo bordered on Bingo, Hōki, and Iwami Provinces.

see also:

Bingo Province (pg. X),

Hōki Province (pg. X),

Iwami Province (pg. X),

Shimane Prefecture (pg. X),

Izu Province

A province in the area that is today part of Shizuoka Prefecture. Izu bordered on Sagami and Suruga Provinces.

see also:

Sagami Province (pg. X),

Shizuoka Prefecture (pg. X),

Suruga Province (pg. X),

Japan Communist Party – Jurakutei Castle

Japan Communist Party

Japan Exchange and Teaching Program

aka JET Program

The JET Program brings young people to Japan to act as ALT's (Assistant Language Teachers) in Japanese schools. The program is run by several ministries of the Japanese government, including the Foreign Ministry and Mombusho, the Ministry of Sports, Education, and Culture. Participants, who are selected by a rather opaque process that may involve throwing darts, must have a pulse and a college degree (in what doesn't seem to matter).

Participants are given one year contracts worth about 3 million yen. They may renew this contract upto twice --- thus the maximum stay on the JET Program is three years, although most participants choose to leave after one or two years.

While the government's plan possibly involved sending lots of young people home with wonderful memories of Japan --- PR in other words --- the reality is that the government is sending a lot of foreigners home with memories of how Japan and the Japanese education system really are. Whether this will backfire in the government's collective face remains to be seen.

Japan Fabian Society

Japan Socialist Party

aka JSP

JET Program

see Japan Exchange and Teaching Program on page XXX.

Jian

Nengō: 1021--1023.

aka Chian.

Jiji Shinpō

Jimmu-tennō

The 1st emperor of Japan.

Reigned 660 to 585 B.C.

Mythological of course.

Jingo-keiun

Nengō: 767--769.

Jinki

Nengō: 724--728.

aka Shinki.

Jireki

Nengō: 1065--1068.

aka Chiryaku.

Jishō

Nengō: 1177--1180.

aka Jijō.

Jitō-tennō

Empress.

Lived 645 to 22 Dec. 702.

The 41st ruler of Japan.

Reigned 1 Jan. 690 to 1 Aug. 697.

Jōō

Nengō: 1652--1654.

aka Shōō.

Jōei

Nengō: 1232--1232.

Jōgan

Nengō: 859--876.

aka Jōkan.

Jōgen

Nengō: 976--977.

aka Teigen.

Jōgen

Nengō: 1207--1210.

aka Shōgen.

Jōhō

Nengō: 1074--1076.

aka Shōhō.

Jōji

Nengō of the Northern Dynasty: 1362--1367.

Jokan

Nengō:

Jōkyō

Nengō: 1684--1687.

aka Teikyō.

Jōkyū

Nengō: 1219--1221.

aka Shōkyū.

Jomei-tennō

The 34th emperor of Japan.

Lived 593 to 9 Oct. 641.

Reigned 4 Jan. 629 to 9 Oct. 641.

Jōtoku

Nengō: 1097--1098.

aka Shōtoku.

Juei

Nengō: 1182--1183.

Junna-tennō

The 53rd emperor of Japan.

Lived 786 to 8 May 840.

Reigned 16 April 823 to 28 Feb. 833.

Junnin-tennō

The 47th emperor of Japan.

Lived 733 to 23 Oct. 765.

Reigned 1 Aug. 758 to 9 Oct. 764.

Juntoku-tennō

The 84th emperor of Japan.

Lived 10 Sept. 1197 to 12 Sept. 1242.

Reigned 25 Nov. 1210 to 20 April 1221.

Jurakutei Castle

In Kyōto. Built by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Built (completed?) in 1586. Demolished in 1595.

Kaei – Kyūshū Campaign

Kaei

Nengō: 1848--1853.

Kaga Province

A province in the area that is today part of Ishikawa Prefecture. Kaga bordered on Echizen, Etchū, Hida, and Noto Provinces.

see also:

Echizen Province (pg. X),

Etchū Province (pg. X),

Hida Province (pg. X),

Ishikawa Prefecture (pg. X),

Noto Province (pg. X),

Kagawa Prefecture

Area: 1,875 km2 (1995)

Capital: Takamatsu

Population: 1,030,000 (1996)

Kagawa Toyohiko

Lived 1888 to 1960.

Kagen

Nengō: 1303--1305.

Kagoshima Prefecture

Area: 9,186 km2 (1995)

Capital: Kagoshima

Population: 1,800,000 (1996)

Kahō

Nengō: 1094--1095.

Kaifu Toshiki

Prime Minister from 10 August 1989 to 28 February 1990 and again 28 February 1990 to 5 November 1991. Replaced by Miyazawa Kiichi (pg XXX).

Kaika-tennō

The 9th Emperor of Japan.

Lived 200 to 98 B.C. (?)

Reigned 158 to 98 B.C.

The third son of the emperor Kōgen.

With dates like these, this emperor is mythological, and should be taken with a salt tablet.

Kaikei

Kai Province

A province in the area that is today Yamanashi Prefecture. Kai bordered on Kōzuke, Musashi, Sagami, Shinano, and Suruga Provinces.

see also:

Kōzuke Province (pg. X),

Musashi Province (pg. X),

Sagami Province (pg. X),

Shinano Province (pg. X),

Suruga Province (pg. X),

Yamanashi Prefecture (pg. X),

Kaiseitō

Kajō

Nengō: 848--850.

aka Kashō.

Kajō

Nengō: 1106--1107.

aka Kashō.

Kakei

Nengō of the Northern Dynasty: 1387--1388.

Kakinomoto no Hitomaru

Lived 685 to 705.

Kakitsu

Nengō: 1441--1443.

Kamakura Shōgunate

Kambun

Nengō: 1661--1672.

Kameyama-tennō

The 90th emperor of Japan.

Lived 27 May 1249 to 15 Sept. 1305.

Reigned 26 Nov. 1259 to 26 Jan. 1274.

Kamikaze (1)

`Kamikaze' translates to English as `Divine Wind'. It is the name given to the typhoon that destroyed the Mongol fleet supporting that invasion of Japan. The ships lucky enough to survive limped back to Korea and the Mongols never again attempted to invade Japan.

The Japanese interpreted the storm as a sort of divine protection of their islands, thus `kamikaze'.

Kamikaze (2)

In World War II / the Pacific War, kamikaze pilots flew planes specially outfitted with bombs into American ships. It was a last ditch attemp to turn the tide of battle in the Pacific. It was not effective.

Kaminojo, Seige of

Took place in 1562.

Udono Nagamochi (who?) defended the castle for the Imagawa (?). Tokugawa Ieyasu beseiged the castle and was able to take it after using ninja.

Kami

Japan word meaning `god' or something like `spirit' in the sense of `soul' or `divine'. Thus, a kami could be a god (lower case g) or the soul / spirit of a departed person. Basically it is something supernatural that is to be respected (but not feared?).

Kammu-tennō

The 50th emperor of Japan.

Lived 737 to 17 March 806.

Reigned 3 April 781 to 17 March 806.

Kampō

Nengō: 1741--1743.

Kampyō

Nengō: 889--897.

Kanagawa Prefecture

Area: 2,414 km2 (1995)

Capital: Yokohama

Population: 8,170,000 (1996)

Kanayama, Battle of

Kanazawa Castle

Maeda Toshinaga built and resided in Kanazawa Castle.

see also:

Maeda Toshinaga (pg. X),

Kanazawa City

Kanazawa is the capital of Ishikawa Prefecture. Population is roughly 450,000. It is famous for, among other things, its gold-leaf products, Kenrokuen, and the samurai district (the bukeyashiki).

see also:

Kenrokuen (pg. X),

Bukeyashiki (Samurai District) (pg. X),

Kan'eiji

Kan'ei

Nengō: 1624--1643.

Kaneko Kentarō

Lived 4 Feb. 1853 to 16 May 1942.

Kan'en

Nengō: 1748--1750.

Kangen

Nengō: 1243--1246.

Kanji

Nengō: 1087--1093.

Kanki

Nengō: 1229--1231.

Kankō

Nengō: 1004--1011.

Kanna

Nengō: 985--986.

aka Kanwa.

Kannin

Nengō: 1017--1020.

Kanno Sugako

aka Kanno Suga.

Lived 1881 to 1911.

Kanno Suga

see Kanno Sugako (page XXX)

Kanō Eitoku

Lived 13 Jan. 1543 to 14 Sept. 1590.

Momoyama era artist.

Kanō Jigorō

Lived 28 Oct. 1860 to 4 May 1938

Kanō Jigorō is credited with creating the modern sport of Judo out of the older and more violent fighting arts of the samurai.

Kan'ō

Nengō of the Northern Dynasty: 1350--1351.

Kansei

Nengō: 1789--1800.

Kanshō

Nengō: 1460--1465.

Kantoku

Nengō: 1044--1045.

Kanwa

Nengō: 985--986.

Also known as Kanna. See that entry for more details.

Kaō

Nengō: 1169--1170.

Kareki

Nengō: 1326--1328.

Also known as Karyaku. See that entry for more details.

Karoku

Nengō: 1225--1226.

Karyaku

Nengō: 1326--1328.

aka Kareki.

Kashō

Nengō: 848--850.

Kataoka Kenkichi

Lived 26 Dec. 1843 (1844?) to 31 Oct. 1903.

Katayama Sen

Lived 3 Dec. 1859 (1860) to 5 Nov. 1933.

Katayama Tetsu

Lived 28 July 1887 to 30 May 1978.

Prime Minister from 24 May 1947 to 10 March 1948. Was also briefly Minister of Agriculture and Forestry in his own cabinet --- from 4 November 1947 13 December 1947.

Katei

Nengō: 1235--1237.

Katō Hiroyuki

Lived 23 June 1836 to 9 Feb 1916.

Kato Kazue

see Misora Hibari on page XXX.

Katō Komei

see Katō Takaaki on page XXX.

Katō Takaaki

aka Katō Komei.

Lived 3 Jan. 1860 to 28 Jan 1926.

Cabinet	Position	From	To
4th Itō	Foreign Affairs	Oct 19, 1900	Jun 2, 1901
1st Saionji	Foreign Affairs	Jan 7, 1906	Mar 3, 1906
3rd Katsura	Foreign Affairs	Jan 29, 1913	Feb 20, 1913
2nd Ōkuma	Foreign Affairs	Apr 16, 1914	Aug 10, 1915
1st Katō (Takaaki)	Prime Minister	Jun 11, 1924	Aug 2, 1925
2nd Katō (Takaaki)	Prime Minister	Aug 2, 1925	Jan 30, 1926

Table 38Cabinet Positions Held by Katō Takaaki

Name	Position	From	To
Katō Takaaki	Prime Minister	Jun 11, 1924	Aug 2, 1925
Takahashi Korekiyo	Agriculture & Commerce	Jun 11, 1924	Apr 1, 1925
Takahashi Korekiyo	Agriculture & Forestry	Apr 1, 1925	Apr 17, 1925
Okazaki Kunisuke	Agriculture & Forestry	Apr 17, 1925	Aug 2, 1925
Egi Tasuku	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	Jun 11, 1924	Aug 2, 1925
Tsukamoto Seiji	Chief of Legislative Bureau	Jun 11, 1924	Aug 2, 1925
Takahashi Korekiyo	Commerce & Industry	Apr 1, 1925	Apr 17, 1925
Noda Utarō	Commerce & Industry	Apr 17, 1925	Aug 2, 1925
Inukai Tsuyoshi	Communications	Jun 11, 1924	May 30, 1925
Adachi Kenzō	Communications	May 31, 1925	Aug 2, 1925
Okada Ryōhei	Education	Jun 11, 1924	Aug 2, 1925
Hamaguchi Osachi	Finance	Jun 11, 1924	Aug 2, 1925
Shidehara Kijurō	Foreign Affairs	Jun 11, 1924	Aug 2, 1925
Wakatsuki Reijirō	Home Affairs	Jun 11, 1924	Aug 2, 1925
Yokota Sennosuke	Justice	Jun 11, 1924	Feb 5, 1925
Takahashi Korekiyo	Justice	Feb 5, 1925	Feb 9, 1925
Ogawa Heikichi	Justice	Feb 9, 1925	Aug 2, 1925
Takarabe Takeshi	Navy	Jun 11, 1924	Aug 2, 1925
Sengoku Mitsugu	Railways	Jun 11, 1924	Aug 2, 1925
Ugaki Kazushige	War	Jun 11, 1924	Aug 2, 1925

Table 39 Katō Takaaki's First Cabinet

Name	Position	From	To
Katō Takaaki	Prime Minister	Aug 2, 1925	Jan 30, 1926
Hayami Seiji	Agriculture & Forestry	Aug 2, 1925	Jan 30, 1926
Tsukamoto Seiji	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	Aug 2, 1925	Jan 30, 1926
Yamakawa Tadao	Chief of Legislative Bureau	Aug 2, 1925	Jan 30, 1926
Kataoka Naoharu	Commerce & Industry	Aug 2, 1925	Jan 30, 1926
Adachi Kenzō	Communications	Aug 2, 1925	Jan 30, 1926
Okada Ryōhei	Education	Aug 2, 1925	Jan 30, 1926
Hamaguchi Osachi	Finance	Aug 2, 1925	Jan 30, 1926
Shidehara Kijurō	Foreign Affairs	Aug 2, 1925	Jan 30, 1926
Wakatsuki Reijirō	Home Affairs	Aug 2, 1925	Jan 30, 1926
Egi Tasuku	Justice	Aug 2, 1925	Jan 30, 1926
Takarabe Takeshi	Navy	Aug 2, 1925	Jan 30, 1926
Sengoku Mitsugu	Railways	Aug 2, 1925	Jan 30, 1926
Ugaki Kazushige	War	Aug 2, 1925	Jan 30, 1926

Table 40Katō Takaaki's Second Cabinet

Katō Tomosaburō

Lived 1861 to 1923.

Cabinet	Position	From	To
2nd Ōkuma	Navy	Aug 10, 1915	Oct 9, 1916
Terauchi	Navy	Oct 9, 1916	Sep 29, 1918
Hara	Navy	Sep 29, 1918	Nov 13, 1912
Takahashi	Navy	Nov 13, 1921	Jun 12, 1922
Katō (Tomosaburō)	Navy	Jun 12, 1922	May 15, 1923
Katō (Tomosaburō)	Prime Minister	Jun 12, 1922	Sep 2, 1923

Table 41 Cabinet Positions Held by Katō Tomosaburō

Name	Position	From	To
Katō Tomosaburō	Prime Minister	Jun 12, 1922	Sep 2, 1923
Arai Kentarō	Agriculture & Commerce	Jun 12, 1922	Sep 2, 1923
Miyata Mitsuo	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	Jun 12, 1922	Sep 2, 1923
Baba Eiichi	Chief of Legislative Bureau	Jun 12, 1922	Sep 2, 1923
Maeda Toshisada	Communications	Jun 12, 1922	Sep 2, 1923
Kamata Eikichi	Education	Jun 12, 1922	Sep 2, 1923
Ichiki Otohiko	Finance	Jun 12, 1922	Sep 2, 1923
Uchida Kōsai	Foreign Affairs	Jun 12, 1922	Sep 2, 1923
Mizuno Rentarō	Home Affairs	Jun 12, 1922	Sep 2, 1923
Okano Keijirō	Justice	Jun 12, 1922	Sep 2, 1923
Katō Tomosaburō	Navy	Jun 12, 1922	May 15, 1923
Takarabe Takeshi	Navy	May 15, 1923	Sep 2, 1923
Ōki Enkichi	Railways	Jun 12, 1922	Sep 2, 1923
Yamanashi Hanzō	War	Jun 12, 1922	Sep 2, 1923

Table 42 Katō Tomosaburō's Cabinet

Katsu Awa

see Katsu Kaishu on page XXX

Katsu Kaishu

aka Katsu Awa

aka Katsu Rintaro

Lived 1823 to 1899.

Katsura Tarō

Lived 28 Nov 1847 to 10 Oct 1913.

Cabinet	Position	From	To
3rd Itō	War	Jan 12, 1898	Jun 30, 1898
1st Ōkuma	War	Jun 30, 1898	Nov 8, 1898
2nd Yamagata	War	Nov 8, 1898	Oct 19, 1900
4th Itō	War	Oct 19, 1900	Dec 23, 1900
1st Katsura	Prime Minister	Jun 2, 1901	Jan 7, 1906
1st Katsura	Home Affairs	Oct 12, 1903	Feb 20, 1904
1st Katsura	Foreign Affairs	Jul 3, 1905	Oct 18, 1905
1st Katsura	Foreign Affairs	Nov 4, 1905	Jan 2, 1906
1st Katsura	Education	Dec 14, 1905	Jan 7, 1906
2nd Katsura	Prime Minister	Jul 14, 1908	Aug 30, 1911
2nd Katsura	Finance	Jul 14, 1908	Aug 30, 1911
3rd Katsura	Foreign Affairs	Dec 21, 1912	Jan 29, 1913
3rd Katsura	Prime Minister	Dec 21, 1912	Feb 20, 1913

Table 43Cabinet Positions Held by Katsura Tarō

Name	Position	From	To
Katsura Tarō	Prime Minister	Jun 2, 1901	Jan 7, 1906
Hirata Tōsuke	Agriculture & Commerce	Jun 2, 1901	Jul 17, 1903
Kiyoura Keigo	Agriculture & Commerce	Jul 17, 1903	Jan 7, 1906
Shibata Kamon	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	Jun 2, 1901	Jan 7, 1906
Okuda Yoshindo	Chief of Legislative Bureau	Jun 2, 1901	Sep 26, 1902
Ichiki Kitokurō	Chief of Legislative Bureau	Sep 26, 1902	Jan 7, 1906
Yoshikawa Akimasa	Communications	Jun 2, 1901	Jul 17, 1903
Sone Arasuke	Communications	Jul 17, 1903	Sep 22, 1903
Ōura Kanetake	Communications	Sep 22, 1903	Jan 7, 1906
Kikuchi Dairoku	Education	Jun 2, 1901	Jul 17, 1903
Kodama Gentarō	Education	Jul 17, 1903	Sep 22, 1903
Kubota Yuzuru	Education	Sep 22, 1903	Dec 14, 1905
Katsura Tarō	Education	Dec 14, 1905	Jan 7, 1906
Sone Arasuke	Finance	Jun 2, 1901	Jan 7, 1906
Sone Arasuke	Foreign Affairs	Jun 2, 1901	Sep 21, 1901
Komura Jūtarō	Foreign Affairs	Sep 21, 1901	Jul 3, 1905
Komura Jūtarō	Foreign Affairs	Jan 2, 1905	Jan 7, 1905
Katsura Tarō	Foreign Affairs	Jul 3, 1905	Oct 18, 1905
Komura Jūtarō	Foreign Affairs	Oct 18, 1905	Nov 4, 1905
Katsura Tarō	Foreign Affairs	Nov 4, 1905	Jan 2, 1906
Utsumi Tadakatsu	Home Affairs	Jun 2, 1901	Jul 15, 1903
Kodama Gentarō	Home Affairs	Jul 15, 1903	Oct 12, 1903
Katsura Tarō	Home Affairs	Oct 12, 1903	Feb 20, 1904
Yoshikawa Akimasa	Home Affairs	Feb 20, 1904	Sep 16, 1905
Kiyoura Keigo	Home Affairs	Sep 16, 1905	Jan 7, 1906
Kiyoura Keigo	Justice	Jun 2, 1901	Sep 22, 1903
Hatano Takanao	Justice	Sep 22, 1903	Jan 7, 1906
Yamamoto Gonnohyōe	Navy	Jun 2, 1901	Jan 7, 1906
Kodama Gentarō	War	Jun 2, 1901	Mar 27, 1902
Terauchi Masatake	War	Mar 27, 1902	Jan 7, 1906

Table 44 Katsura Tarō's First Cabinet

Name	Position	From	To
Katsura Tarō	Prime Minister	Jul 14, 1908	Aug 30, 1911
Ōura Kanetake	Agriculture & Commerce	Jul 14, 1908	Mar 26, 1910
Komatsubara Eitarō	Agriculture & Commerce	Mar 28, 1910	Sep 3, 1910
Ōura Kanetake	Agriculture & Commerce	Sep 3, 1910	Aug 30, 1911
Shibata Kamon	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	Jul 14, 1908	Aug 30, 1911
Yasuhiro Ban'ichirō	Chief of Legislative Bureau	Jul 14, 1908	Aug 30, 1911
Gotō Shinpei	Communications	Jul 14, 1908	Aug 30, 1911
Komatsubara Eitarō	Education	Jul 14, 1908	Aug 30, 1911
Katsura Tarō	Finance	Jul 14, 1908	Aug 30, 1911
Terauchi Masatake	Foreign Affairs	Jul 14, 1908	Aug 27, 1908
Komura Jūtarō	Foreign Affairs	Aug 27, 1908	Aug 30, 1911
Hirata Tōsuke	Home Affairs	Jul 14, 1908	Aug 30, 1911
Okabe Nagamoto	Justice	Jul 14, 1908	Aug 30, 1911
Saitō Makoto	Navy	Jul 14, 1908	Aug 30, 1911
Terauchi Masatake	War	Jul 14, 1908	Aug 30, 1911

Table 45Katsura Tarō's Second Cabinet

Name	Position	From	To
Katsura Tarō	Prime Minister	Dec 21, 1912	Feb 20, 1913
Nakakōji Ren	Agriculture & Commerce	Dec 21, 1912	Feb 20, 1913
Egi Tasuku	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	Dec 21, 1912	Feb 20, 1913
Ichiki Kitokurō	Chief of Legislative Bureau	Dec 21, 1912	Feb 20, 1913
Gotō Shinpei	Communications	Dec 21, 1912	Feb 20, 1913
Shibata Kamon	Education	Dec 21, 1912	Feb 20, 1913
Wakatsuki Reijirō	Finance	Dec 21, 1912	Feb 20, 1913
Katsura Tarō	Foreign Affairs	Dec 21, 1912	Jan 29, 1913
Katō Takaaki	Foreign Affairs	Jan 29, 1913	Feb 20, 1913
Ōura Kanetake	Home Affairs	Dec 21, 1912	Feb 20, 1913
Matsumuro Itaru	Justice	Dec 21, 1912	Feb 20, 1913
Saitō Makoto	Navy	Dec 21, 1912	Feb 20, 1913
Kigoshi Yasutsuna	War	Dec 21, 1912	Feb 20, 1913

Table 46Katsura Tarō's Third Cabinet

Katsu Rintaro

see Katsu Kaishu on page XXX.

Kawachi Province

A province in the area that is today a part of Ōsaka Prefecture. Kawachi bordered on Izumi, Kii, Settsu, Yamashiro, and Yamato Provinces.

see also:

Izumi Province (pg. X),

Kii Province (pg. X),

Ōsaka Prefecture (pg. X),

Settsu Province (pg. X),

Yamashiro Province (pg. X),

Yamato Province (pg. X),

Kawaji Toshiyoshi

Kawakami Hajime

Lived 1879 to 1946.

Kawamoto Daisaku

Kawanakajima, Battles of

Between 1553 and 1563, Takeda Shingen and Uesugi Kenshin fought each other several times in the Kawanakajima area of northeastern Shinano. None of the battles was particularly decisive and according to Sansom [sansom_1961] none of the men involved showed any signs of military genius, leading Sansom to conclude that Shingen and Kenshin were not entirely deserving of their reputations.

see also:

Shinano Province (pg. X),

Takeda Shingen (pg. X),

Uesugi Kenshin (pg. X),

Kazan-tennō

The 65th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 984 to 986.

Kazusa Province

A province in the area that is today a part of Chiba Prefecture. Kazusa bordered on Awa and Shimōsa Provinces.

see also:

Awa Province (pg. X),

Chiba Prefecture (pg. X),

Shimōsa Province (pg. X),

Keian

Nengō: 1648--1651.

Keichō

Nengō: 1596--1614.

Keikō-tennō

The 12th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 71 to 130.

Keiō

Nengō: 1865--1867.

Keitai-tennō

The 26th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 507 to 531.

Keiun

Nengō: 704--707.

Kemmu

Nengō: 1334--1335.

This one needs some explanation soon.

Kempō

Nengō: 1213--1218.

Kenchō

Nengō: 1249--1255.

Ken'ei

Nengō: 1206--1206.

Kengen

Nengō: 1302--1302.

Kenji

Nengō: 1275--1277.

Kenkyū

Nengō: 1190--1198.

Kennin

Nengō: 1201--1203.

Kenrokuen

A famous garden / park in Kanazawa, Ishikawa-ken. The garden was once part of the Maeda family lands, situated near the castle. It is now one of the three most famous gardens in Japan and a major tourist attraction.

see also:

Kanazawa Castle (pg. X),

Kanazawa City (pg. X),

Maeda Family (pg. X),

Kenryaku

Nengō: 1211--1212.

Kenseikai

Ken

see Prefectures on page XXX.

Kentoku

Nengō: 1370--1371.

Kenzō-tennō

The 23rd emperor of Japan.

Reigned 485 to 487.

Kido Kōichi

Lived 18 July 1889 to 6 April 1977. Grandson of Kido Kōin.

Lord Privy Seal from 1940 to 1945.

Cabinet	Position	From	To
First Konoe	Education	Oct 22, 1937	May 26, 1938
First Konoe	Welfare	Jan 11, 1938	Jan 5, 1939
Hiranuma	Home Affairs	Jan 5, 1939	Aug 30, 1939

Table 47 Cabinet Positions Held by Kido Kōichi

Tried as a Class `A' War Criminal. Released from his sentence of life imprisonment in 1953 for reasons of health. But managed to hang on for another 24 years.

Kido Kōin

aka Kido Takayoshi and Katsura Kogorō.

Lived 26 June 1833 to 26 May 1877. Grandfather of Kido Kōichi.

Active in the Meiji Restoration. Played a prominent role in the abolition of the han. Was a member of the Iwakura Mission.

see also:

Abolition of the Domains (pg. X),

Iwakura Mission (pg. X),

Meiji Restoration (pg. X),

Kido Takayoshi

See Kido Kōin, on page XXX.

Kii Province

A province in the area that is today a part of Mie and Wakayama Prefectures. Kii bordered on Ise, Izumi, Kawachi, Shima, and Yamato Provinces.

see also:

Ise Province (pg. X), Kawachi Province (pg. X), Mie Prefecture (pg. X), Shima Province (pg. X), Wakayama Prefecture (pg. X), Yamato Province (pg. X)

Kikkawa Motoharu

Lived 1530 to 15 Nov. 1586.

A son of Mōri Motonari. Adopted by Kikkawa Okitsune. Motoharu was the father of Motonaga (his heir), Motouji, Hiroie, and Hiromasa.

Koan

A zen riddle used by some sects as a way of obtaining enlightenment. (There has to be a better way to word that.) A famous English example is “What is the sound of one hand clapping?”

Kōan (1278-1287)

Nengō: 1278--1287.

The highlight of this nengō would have to be the mongol invasion of 1281. See Mongol Invasions on page XX.

Kōan (1361--1362)

Nengō of the Northern Dynasty: 1361--1362.

Kōan no Eki

The Japanese name for the war against the Mongol invaders in 1281. For more information, see Mongol Invasions on page XX.

Kōan-tenno

The 6th emperor of Japan. Reigned 392 to 291 B.C. As you might surmise from the dates, a mythological emperor.

Kobayakawa Family

A samurai family descended from Doi Sanehira (pg. X). They served the Mōri and grew in influence and power after Mōri Motonari's (pg. X) son Takakage was adopted into the family.

Kobayakawa Hideaki

Lived 1577 (1582?) to 18 Oct. 1602.

Born the 5th son of Kinoshita Iesada but was adopted by Hideyoshi. In 1592 he was adopted by Kobayakawa Takakage and became his heir.

In 1597 at age 20, Hideaki was given command of the invasion of Korea. The fighting in Korea did not go well and Ishida Mitsunari denounced Hideaki, calling him incompetent. In the resulting friction between Hideaki and Hideyoshi, Tokugawa Ieyasu successfully acted as mediator to bring them together again.

After Hideyoshi's death, Hideaki was courted by both Ishida Mitsunari and Tokugawa Ieyasu. Although Hideaki originally thought to side with Ieyasu, he was later persuaded to support Hideyoshi's heir Hideyori. However, at Sekigahara, after hours of apparent indecision, Hideaki choose Tokugawa over Ishida and helped give the victory to Ieyasu.

see also:

Kinoshita Iesada (pg. X), Toyotomi Hideyoshi (pg. X), Kobayakawa Takakage (pg. X), Korea, Invasion of (pg. X), Ishida Mitsunari (pg. X), Tokugawa Ieyasu (pg. X), Toyotomi Hideyori (pg. X), Sekigahara, Battle of (pg. X)

Kobayakawa Hidekane

Lived 1566 to 1601.

The 9th son of Mōri Motonari. Unclear exactly how he ended up a Kobayakawa.

Kobayakawa Takakage

Lived 1532 (1533?) to 12 June 1597.

The 3rd son of Mōri Motonari, Takakage was adopted by the Kobayakawa family.

Takakage fought in many battles and held his own against even the armies of Oda Nobunaga and Hideyoshi.

Fought in Hideyoshi's campaigns in Korea.

Takakage had no children so in 1592, Hideyoshi gave him his nephew Hideaki as adopted son.

see also:

Mōri Motonari (pg. X), Oda Nobunaga (pg. X), Toyotomi Hideyoshi (pg. X), Toyotomi Hideaki (pg. X)

Kobayashi Ichizo

Lived 1873 to 1957.

Kōbe City

Capital of Hyōgo Prefecture (pg XX).

Kobiyama Naoto

Lived

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Suzuki K.	Transport & Communications	Apr 11, 1945	May 19, 1945
Suzuki K.	Transport	May 19, 1945	Aug 17, 1945
Higashikuni	Transport	Aug 17, 1945	Oct 9, 1945

Table 48Cabinet Positions Held by Kobiyama Naoto

Kōbu Gattai

Kōbun-tenno

The 39th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 671 to 672.

Kōchi City

Capital city of Kōchi Prefecture.

Kōchi Prefecture

Area: 7,104 km2 (1995)

Capital: Kōchi

Population: 830,000 (1996)

Kōchō

Nengō: 1261--1263.

Kodama Gentarō

Lived 1852 to 1906.

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
4th Itō	War	Dec 23, 1900	Jun 2, 1901
1st Katsura	War	Jun 2, 1901	Mar 27, 1902
1st Katsura	Home Affairs	Jul 15, 1903	Oct 12, 1903
1st Katsura	Education	Jul 17, 1903	Sep 22, 2003

Table 49Cabinet Positions Held by Kodama Gentarō

Kodama Hideo

Lived

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Terauchi	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	Oct 9, 1916	Sep 29, 1918
Okada	Colonization	Oct 25, 1934	Mar 9, 1936
Hayashi	Communications	Feb 10, 1937	Jun 4, 1937
Yonai	Home Affairs	Jan 16, 1940	Jul 22, 1940
Koiso	State	Jul 22, 1944	Feb 10, 1945
Koiso	Education	Jan 26, 1945	Apr 7, 1945

Table 50Cabinet Positions Held by Kodama Hideo

Kodama Yoshio

Born 1911.

Kodoha

See “Imperial Way Faction” on page XX.

Kōei

Nengō of the Northern Dynasty: 1342--1344.

Kō Family

A samurai family that served the Ashikaga.

Kōfu City

Capital city of Yamanashi Prefecture (pg. X).

Kofukuji

Kofukuji, Battle of

Kofun

The Kofun period (ca. A.D. 250-ca. 600) takes its name, which means “old tomb” from the culture's rich funerary rituals and distinctive earthen mounds. The mounds contained large stone burial chambers, many of which were shaped like keyholes and some of which were surrounded by moats. By the late Kofun period, the distinctive burial chambers, originally used by the ruling elite, also were built for commoners.

During the Kofun period, a highly aristocratic society with militaristic rulers developed. Its horse-riding warriors wore armor, carried swords and other weapons, and used advanced military methods like those of Northeast Asia. Evidence of these advances is seen in funerary figures (called haniwa; literally, clay rings), found in thousands of kofun scattered throughout Japan. The most important of the haniwa were found in southern Honshu --- especially the Kinai region around Nara --- and northern Kyushu. Haniwa grave offerings were made in numerous forms, such as horses, chickens, birds, fans, fish, houses, weapons, shields, sunshades, pillows, and male and female humans. Another funerary piece, the magatama, became one of the symbols of the power of the imperial house.

The Kofun period was a critical stage in Japan's evolution toward a more cohesive and recognized state. This society was most developed in the Kinai Region and the easternmost part of the Inland Sea (Seto Naikai), and its armies established a foothold on the southern tip of Korea. Japan's rulers of the time even petitioned the Chinese court for confirmation of royal titles; the Chinese, in turn, recognized Japanese military control over parts of the Korean peninsula.

The Yamato polity, which emerged by the late fifth century, was distinguished by powerful great clans or extended families, including their dependents. Each clan was headed by a patriarch who performed sacred rites to the clan's kami to ensure the long-term welfare of the clan. Clan members were the aristocracy, and the kingly line that controlled the Yamato court was at its pinnacle.

More exchange occurred between Japan and the continent of Asia late in the Kofun period. Buddhism was introduced from Korea, probably in A.D. 538, exposing Japan to a new body of religious doctrine. The Soga, a Japanese court family that rose to prominence with the accession of the Emperor Kimmei about A.D. 531, favored the adoption of Buddhism and of governmental and cultural models based on Chinese Confucianism. But some at the Yamato court --- such as the Nakatomi family, which was responsible for performing Shinto rituals at court, and the Mononobe, a military clan --- were set on maintaining their prerogatives and resisted the alien religious influence of Buddhism. The Soga introduced Chinese-modeled fiscal policies, established the first national treasury, and considered the Korean peninsula a trade route rather than an object of territorial expansion. Acrimony continued between the Soga and the Nakatomi and Mononobe clans for more than a century, during which the Soga temporarily emerged ascendant.

The Kofun period is seen as ending by around A.D. 600, when the use of elaborate kofun by the Yamato and other elite fell out of use because of prevailing new Buddhist beliefs, which put greater emphasis on the transience of human life. Commoners and the elite in outlying regions, however, continued to use kofun until the late seventh century, and simpler but distinctive tombs continued in use throughout the following period.

The Yamato state evolved still further during the Asuka period, which is named after the Asuka region, south of modern Nara, the site of numerous temporary imperial capitals established during the period. The Asuka period is known for its significant artistic, social, and political transformations, which had their origins in the late Kofun period.

Credits:

The article is originally based on materials from Library of Congress: Country Study

Modified from the Wikipedia article available at:

http://www.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Kofun

Kōgen

Nengō: 1256--1256.

Kōgen-tennō

The 8th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 214 to 158 B.C.

Kōgyoku-tenno

An empress. The 35th ruler of Japan.

Reigned 642 to 645.

Kōhei

Nengō: 1058--1064.

Kōhō

Nengō: 964--967.

Koiso Kuniaki

Lived 1 April 1880 to 3 Nov. 1950 (1955?).

Indicted as a class 'A' war criminal.

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Hiranuma	Colonization	Apr 7, 1939	Aug 30, 1939
Yonai	Colonization	Jan 16, 1940	Jul 22, 1940
Koiso	Prime Minister	Jul 22, 1944	Apr 7, 1945

Table 51Cabinet Positions Held by Koiso Kuniaki

Cabinet

Name	Position	From	To
Koiso Kuniaki	Prime Minister	Jul 22, 1944	Apr 7, 1945
Shimada Toshio	Agriculture & Commerce	Jul 22, 1944	Apr 7, 1945
Miura Kunio	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	Jul 22, 1944	Jul 29, 1944
Tanaka Takeo	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	Jul 29, 1944	Feb 10, 1945
Hirose Hisatada	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	Feb 10, 1945	Feb 21, 1945
Ishiwata Sōtarō	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	Feb 21, 1945	Apr 7, 1945
Miura Kunio	Chief of Legislative Bureau	Jul 22, 1944	Apr 7, 1945
Ninomiya Harushige	Education	Jul 22, 1944	Jan 26, 1945
Kodama Hideo	Education	Jan 26, 1945	Apr 7, 1945
Ishiwata Sōtarō	Finance	Jul 22, 1944	Feb 21, 1945
Tsushima Juichi	Finance	Feb 21, 1945	Apr 7, 1945
Shigemitsu Mamoru	Foreign Affairs	Jul 22, 1944	Apr 7, 1945
Ōdachi Shigeo	Home Affairs	Jul 22, 1944	Apr 7, 1945
Shigemitsu Mamoru	Greater East Asia	Jul 22, 1944	Apr 7, 1945
Matsuzaka Hiromasa	Justice	Jul 22, 1944	Apr 7, 1945
Fujihara Ginjirō	Munitions	Jul 22, 1944	Dec 19, 1944
Yoshida Shigeru	Munitions	Dec 19, 1944	Apr 7, 1945
Yonai Mitsumasa	Navy	Jul 22, 1944	Apr 7, 1945
Kodama Hideo	State	Jul 22, 1944	Feb 10, 1945
Ogata Taketora	State	Jul 22, 1944	Apr 7, 1945
Machida Chūji	State	Jul 22, 1944	Apr 7, 1945
Kobayashi Seizō	State	Dec 19, 1944	Mar 1, 1945
Hirose Hisatada	State	Feb 10, 1945	Feb 21, 1945
Ishiwata Sōtarō	State	Feb 21, 1945	Apr 7, 1945
Maeda Yonezō	Transport & Communications	Jul 22, 1944	Apr 7, 1945
Sugiyama Gen	War	Jul 22, 1944	Apr 7, 1945
Hirose Hisatada	Welfare	Jul 22, 1944	Feb 10, 1945
Aikawa Katsuroku	Welfare	Feb 10, 1945	Apr 7, 1945

Table 52Koiso Kuniaki's Cabinet

Koizumi Jun'ichirō

Prime Minister from 26 April 2001 to the present.

Kōji (1142)

Nengō: 1142--1143.

Kōji (1555)

Nengō: 1555--1557.

Kōka

Nengō: 1844--1847.

Kōkaku-tenno

The 119th emperor of Japan.

Lived 15 Aug 1771 to 19 Nov 1840.

Reigned 25 Nov 1779 (1780?) to 22 March 1817.

Kokawadera

Kōke

Literally “High Families,” kōke was the name given to a group of special ex-daimyō families during the Tokugawa period. These families held no lands but received a small stipend from the Shogunate. The system was instituted in 1608 (1603?) and there were eventually about 26 kōke families.

Several duties / offices in the bakufu government were reserved for members of these families.

Some of the kōke families were:

Family	Page	Family	Page
Hatakeyama		Imagawa	
Kira		Oda	
Ōsawa		Ōtomo	
Takeda		Yokose	
Yura			

Table 53Kōke Families

Also see Omote-kōke, pg XX. But there is not currently anything there.

Kōken-tennō

An empress. The 46th ruler of Japan.

Lived 718 to 4 Aug. 770.

Reigned 2 July 749 to 1 Aug. 758.

Also reigned 9 Oct. 764 to 4 Aug. 770 as Shōtoku-tennō (pg. 264),the 48th ruler of Japan.

Kōkō-tenno

The 58th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 884 to 887.

Kōkoku

Nengō: 1340--1345.

Koku

A unit of volume, equal to roughly 180 liters. This was theoretically enough rice for one man for one year.

Land was classified by how many koku of rice it could produce. Thus daimyō could be ranked based on how many koku the lands they controlled could produce. This in turn allowed leaders like Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu to punish or reward their followers by moving them to fiefs that produced more or less rice.

To qualify as a daimyō, a man had to control lands producing at least 10,000 koku. Many daimyō had just that while a few (like the Tokugawa and the Maeda) controlled hundreds of thousands of koku.

Hideyoshi instituted a nationwide and very thorough program of land classification in the 1580s and 1590s. (check dates)

Kokumin Domei

Kokuryūkai

Kōmei-tenno

The 121th emperor of Japan.

Lived 14 June 1831 to 25 Dec 1866.

Reigned 13 Feb 1846 (1847?) to 25 Dec 1866.

Kō Moroaki

Son of Kō Moronao.

Kō Morofuyu

Son of Kō Moroshige.

Kō Moromochi

Son of Kō Moroshige.

Kō Moronao

Died in 1351.

Served Ashikaga Takauji (pg XX) for many years. Fought and won several battles, but lost to Ashikaga Tadayoshi (pg XX) in 1531 and was killed trying to get away.

Kō Moronatsu

Son of Kō Moronao.

Kō Moroshige

Father of Moronao, Moroshige, Moroyasu, and Moromochi.

Kō Moroyasu

Son of Kō Moroshige.

Assassinated in 1351.

Kō Moroyo

Son of Kō Moroyasu.

Died with his father in 1351.

Kōno Togama

Lived

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Matsukata	Agriculture & Commerce	Mar 14, 1892	Jul 14, 1892
1st Matsukata	Justice	Jun 23, 1892	Aug 8, 1892
1st Matsukata	Home Affairs	Jul 14, 1892	Aug 8, 1892

Table 54Cabinet Positions Held by Kōno Togama

Komura Jūtarō

Lived 1855 to 1911.

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Katsura	Foreign Affairs	Sep 21, 1901	Jul 3, 1905
1st Katsura	Foreign Affairs	Jan 2, 1905	Jan 7, 1905
1st Katsura	Foreign Affairs	Oct 18, 1905	Nov 4, 1905
2nd Katsura	Foreign Affairs	Aug 27, 1908	Aug 30, 1911

Table 55Cabinet Positions Held by Komura Jūtarō

Kōnin-tenno

The 49th emperor of Japan. Reigned 770 to 781.

Kōnin

Nengō: 810--823.

Kono Binken

see Kono Togama on page XX.

Kono Hironaka

Lived 1849 to 1923.

Kono Togama

aka Kono Binken.

Lived 1844 to 1895.

Konoe Fumimaro

Lived 12 Oct 1891 to 16 Dec 1945.

Believing he was going to be arrested as a war criminal, Fumimaro committed suicide in 1945.

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Konoe	Prime Minister	Jun 4, 1937	Jan 5, 1939
1st Konoe	Colonization	Sep 30, 1938	Oct 29, 1938
1st Konoe	Foreign Affairs	Sep 30, 1938	Oct 29, 1938
Hiranuma	Hanretsu	Jan 5, 1939	Aug 30, 1939
2nd Konoe	Agriculture & Forestry	Jul 22, 1940	Jul 24, 1940
2nd Konoe	Prime Minister	Jul 22, 1940	Jul 18, 1941
3rd Konoe	Justice	Jul 18, 1941	Jul 25, 1941
3rd Konoe	Prime Minister	Jul 18, 1941	Oct 18, 1941
Higashikuni	State	Aug 17, 1945	Oct 9, 1945

Table 56Cabinet Positions Held by Konoe Fumimaro

First Cabinet

Name	Position	From	To
Konoe Fumimaro	Prime Minister	Jun 4, 1937	Jan 5, 1939
Arima Yoriyasu	Agriculture & Forestry	Jun 4, 1937	Jan 5, 1939
Kazami Akira	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	Jun 4, 1937	Jan 5, 1939
Funada Naka	Chief of Legislative Bureau	Oct 25, 1937	Jan 5, 1939
Taki Masao	Chief of Legislative Bureau	Jun 4, 1937	Oct 25, 1937
Ugaki Kazushige	Colonization	Jun 25, 1938	Sep 30, 1938
Konoe Fumimaro	Colonization	Sep 30, 1938	Oct 29, 1938
Hatta Yoshiaki	Colonization	Oct 29, 1938	Jan 5, 1939
Ikeda Shigeaki	Commerce & Industry	May 26, 1938	Jan 5, 1939
Yoshino Shinji	Commerce & Industry	Jun 4, 1937	May 26, 1938
Nagai Ryūtarō	Communications	Jun 4, 1937	Jan 5, 1939
Yasui Eiji	Education	Jun 4, 1937	Oct 22, 1937
Kido Kōichi	Education	Oct 22, 1937	May 26, 1938
Araki Sadao	Education	May 26, 1938	Jan 5, 1939
Ikeda Shigeaki	Finance	May 26, 1938	Jan 5, 1939
Kaya Okinori	Finance	Jun 4, 1937	May 26, 1938
Ugaki Kazushige	Foreign Affairs	May 26, 1938	Sep 30, 1938
Konoe Fumimaro	Foreign Affairs	Sep 30, 1938	Oct 29, 1938
Arita Hachirō	Foreign Affairs	Oct 29, 1938	Jan 5, 1939
Hirota Kōki	Foreign Affairs	Jun 4, 1937	May 26, 1938
Baba Eiichi	Home Affairs	Jun 4, 1937	Dec 14, 1937
Suetsugu Nobumasa	Home Affairs	Dec 14, 1937	Jan 5, 1939
Kido Kōichi	Welfare	Jan 11, 1938	Jan 5, 1939
Nakajima Chikuhei	Railways	Jun 4, 1937	Jan 5, 1939
Ōtani Sonyū	Colonization	Jun 4, 1937	Jun 25, 1938
Shiono Suehiko	Justice	Jun 4, 1937	Jan 5, 1939
Yonai Mitsumasa	Navy	Jun 4, 1937	Jan 5, 1939
Sugiyama Gen	War	Jun 4, 1937	Jun 3, 1938
Itagaki Seishirō	War	Jun 3, 1938	Jan 5, 1939

Table 57Konoe Fumimaro's First Cabinet

Second Cabinet

Name	Position	From	To
Konoe Fumimaro	Prime Minister	Jul 22, 1940	Jul 18, 1941
Ino Tetsuya	Agriculture & Forestry	Jun 11, 1941	Jul 18, 1941
Ishiguro Tadaatsu	Agriculture & Forestry	Jul 24, 1940	Jun 11, 1941
Konoe Fumimaro	Agriculture & Forestry	Jul 22, 1940	Jul 24, 1940
Tomita Kenji	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	Jul 22, 1940	Jul 18, 1941
Murase Naokai	Chief of Legislative Bureau	Jul 22, 1940	Jul 18, 1941
Akita Kiyoshi	Colonization	Sep 28, 1940	Jul 18, 1941
Matsuoka Yōsuke	Colonization	Jul 22, 1940	Sep 28, 1940
Kobayashi Ichizō	Commerce AND Industry	Jul 22, 1940	Apr 4, 1941
Toyoda Teijirō	Commerce & Industry	Apr 4, 1941	Jul 18, 1941
Murata Shōzō	Communications	Jul 22, 1940	Jul 18, 1941
Hashida Kunihiko	Education	Jul 22, 1940	Jul 18, 1941
Kawada Isao	Finance	Jul 22, 1940	Jul 18, 1941
Matsuoka Yōsuke	Foreign Affairs	Jul 22, 1940	Jul 18, 1941
Hoshino Naoki	Hanretsu	Jul 22, 1940	Jul 18, 1941
Hiranuma Kiichirō	Home Affairs	Dec 21, 1940	Jul 18, 1941
Yasui Eiji	Home Affairs	Jul 22, 1940	Dec 21, 1940
Kazami Akira	Justice	Jul 22, 1940	Dec 21, 1940
Yanagawa Heisuke	Justice	Dec 21, 1940	Jul 18, 1941
Hiranuma Kiichirō	Minister of State	Dec 6, 1940	Dec 21, 1940
Hoshino Naoki	Minister of State	Dec 6, 1940	Apr 4, 1941
Ogura Masatsune	Minister of State	Apr 2, 1941	Jul 18, 1941
Suzuki Teiichi	Minister of State	Apr 4, 1941	Jul 18, 1941
Oikawa Koshirō	Navy	Sep 5, 1940	Jul 18, 1941
Yoshida Zengo	Navy	Jul 22, 1940	Sep 5, 1940
Murata Shōzō	Railways	Jul 22, 1940	Sep 28, 1940
Ogawa Gōtarō	Railways	Sep 28, 1940	Jul 18, 1941
Tōjō Hideki	War	Jul 22, 1940	Jul 18, 1941
Yasui Eiji	Welfare	Jul 22, 1940	Sep 28, 1940
Kanemitsu Tsuneo	Welfare	Sep 28, 1940	Jul 18, 1941

Table 58Konoe Fumimaro's Second Cabinet

Third Cabinet

Name	Position	From	To
Konoe Fumimaro	Prime Minister	Jul 18, 1941	Oct 18, 1941
Ino Tetsuya	Agriculture & Forestry	Jul 18, 1941	Oct 18, 1941
Tomita Kenji	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	Jul 18, 1941	Oct 18, 1941
Murase Naokai	Chief of Legislative Bureau	Jul 18, 1941	Oct 18, 1941
Toyoda Teijirō	Colonization	Jul 18, 1941	Oct 18, 1941
Sakonji Masazō	Commerce & Industry	Jul 18, 1941	Oct 18, 1941
Murata Shōzō	Communications	Jul 18, 1941	Oct 18, 1941
Hashida Kunihiko	Education	Jul 18, 1941	Oct 18, 1941
Ogura Masatsune	Finance	Jul 18, 1941	Oct 18, 1941
Toyoda Teijirō	Foreign Affairs	Jul 18, 1941	Oct 18, 1941
Tanabe Harumichi	Home Affairs	Jul 18, 1941	Oct 18, 1941
Iwamura Michiyo	Justice	Jul 25, 1941	Oct 18, 1941
Konoe Fumimaro	Justice	Jul 18, 1941	Jul 25, 1941
Hiranuma Kiichirō	Minister of State	Jul 18, 1941	Oct 18, 1941
Suzuki Teiichi	Minister of State	Jul 18, 1941	Oct 18, 1941
Yanagawa Heisuke	Minister of State	Jul 18, 1941	Oct 18, 1941
Oikawa Koshirō	Navy	Jul 18, 1941	Oct 18, 1941
Murata Shōzō	Railways	Jul 18, 1941	Oct 18, 1941
Tōjō Hideki	War	Jul 18, 1941	Oct 18, 1941
Koizumi Chikahiko	Welfare	Jul 18, 1941	Oct 18, 1941

Table 59Konoe Fumimaro's Third Cabinet

Konoe-tenno

The 76th emperor of Japan.

Lived 18 May 1139 to 23 July 1155

Reigned 7 Dec 1141 to 23 July 1155.

Kōō

Nengō of the Northern Dynasty: 1389--1389.

Korea, Invasion of

which one?

Korea, Protectorate of

Kōrei-tenno

The 7th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 290 to 215 B.C.

Koreyasu

Koriyama, Seige

Took place in 1540--1541.

Amako Haruhisa, with 3,000 men, attacked Koriyama Castle, which belonged to Mōri Motonari and was defended by 8,000 men. When Mōri sent an army to relieve the seige, Amako was forced to leave.

see also:

Amako Haruhisa (pg. X), Mōri Motonari (pg. X)

Kōryaku

Nengō of the Northern Dynasty: 1379--1380.

Kōshō

Nengō: 1455--1456.

Kōshō-tenno

The 5th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 475 to 393 B.C.

Kotoamatsukami

In Japanese Shintoism, Kotoamatsukami is the collective name for the first powers which came into existence at the time of the creation of the universe. They were born in Takamagahara, the world of Heaven at the time of the creation, as Amenominakanushi (Sky), Takamimusubi (High Producer), Kamimusubi (Divine Producer), and a bit later Umashiashikabihikoji (Reed) and Amenotokotachi (Heaven).

These forces then became gods and goddesses, the tenzai shoshin (heavenly kami):

Ame no minakanushi no kami

Takami-musubi no ōkami

Kamimusubi no ōkami

Umashiashikabihikoji no kami

Ame no Tokotachi no kami

Kuni no Tokotachi no kami

Toyokumono no kami

Uhijini no mikoto

Suhijini no kami

Tsunokuhi no kami

Ikukuhi no kami

Ōtonoji no kami

Ōtonobe no kami

Omodaru no kami

Kashikone no kami

Izanagi no kami

Izanami no kami

Amaterasu ōmikami.

Modified from the Wikipedia article available at:

http://www.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Kotoamatsukami

Kōtoku-tenno

The 36th emperor of Japan.

Lived 596(?) to 10 Oct 654.

Reigned 14 June 645 to 10 Oct 654.

Kōtoku

Nengō: 1452--1454.

Also Kyōtoku. See that entry on page XX for more information.

Kōtoku Shūsui

Socialist and Anarchist.

Born in Kōchi Prefecture.

Lived 1871 to 1911.

See Also

Anarchism (pg 24), Red Flag Incident (pg 238),

Kōwa (1099)

Nengō: 1099--1103.

Kōwa (1381)

Nengō: 1381—1383.

Kowalewski, Jan

Lived ??

Sometimes “Kowalefsky, Jan”

Polish cryptological expert who came to Japan in September of 1924 (January 1923 according to [kahn_2004]) to help the Japanese army improve its codes and codebreaking skills. David Kahn describes Kowalewski as “a tallish, broad, handsome man, with a wonderful sense of humor and great intellectual intuition” ([kahn_2004], pg 86).

After teaching a three month seminar for selected officers, Kowalewski returned to Poland. Four of his Japanese students went with him to gain practical experience with the Polish military crytanalysts in Warsaw. These students returned to Japan a year later and others were sent to Warsaw to replace them. This exchange program of sorts supposedly lasted until 1938.

Unfortunately, there does not seem to be anything available in English to confirm the above. Most of the information is from [hiyama_1994], in which Hiyama Yoshiaki discusses Kowalewski's role in Japanese cryptological history. Hiyama provides no sources for his information. Other recent Japanese books on cryptology, such as [takagawa_2003], present almost no significant new information. Kahn does not mention Kowalewski's students visiting Poland at all and [kahn_2004] (pg 87) says that Kowalewski only taught four Japanese students.

Sources and Suggested Reading

[kahn_2004] pages 86-87, although some of the data does not match that in Japanese language sources like

See Also

Kōyō Gunkan

Kōzuke Province

A province in the area that is today Gunma Prefecture. Kōzuke bordered on Echigo, Iwashiro, Musashi, Shimotsuke, and Shinano Provinces.

see also:

Echigo Province (pg. X), Gumma Prefecture (pg. X), Iwashiro Province (pg. X), Musashi Province (pg. X), Shimotsuke Province (pg. X), Shinano Province (pg. X)

Kōzuki, Seige of

Kōzuki Castle sits at an elevation of 193 meters above sea level atop Mt. Kojin in the town of Kōzuki, in western Hyōgo Prefecture. During the Warring States Period, the castle sat at the intersection of three domains: Bizen, Harima and Mimasaka. It also stood watch over the only major trade route connecting lands to the west with those to the east. These two factors made Kōzuki Castle a very valuable piece of property for any who wished to gain dominance in the region. For the armies of Oda Nobunaga to push west to Hiroshima, Kōzuki Castle had to be captured. For Mori to push east into Oda's domain, he had to keep control of Kōzuki Castle. It was these two great powers of the day, Oda and Mori, which sent tens of thousands to fight and die for control of Kōzuki Castle.

The “Siege” of Kōzuki Castle is a misnomer, as the castle was the site of successive sieges and attacks over a two-year period – 1577 to 1578.

In the year 1577, the lord who controlled Kōzuki Castle for the Mori was named Akamatsu Masanori. That year saw the first massive invasion of Oda's armies into the region, under the leadership of Hideyoshi Hashiba (who would later take the name by which he is well known today – Hideyoshi Toyotomi).

Hideyoshi led an army numbering from thirty to forty thousand soldiers in an assault on the region. The vast majority of local lords, facing insurmountable odds, quickly swore allegiance to Oda and so major battles in the region were somewhat rare. Then Hideyoshi brought the armies of Oda to Kōzuki, where Akamatsu Masanori faced the challenge of Hideyoshi with a refusal to deny Mori as his master. And so the battle was joined.

After the death of thousands of his own, Akamatsu must have realized that defeat was imminent. In December of 1577, Akamatsu Masanori and his lieutenants committed ritual suicide within the walls of the castle, and Hideyoshi claimed victory in the name of Oda Nobunaga.

After Hideyoshi's victory, the general placed the lord, Amago Katsuhisa, in the castle. It was not Amago, but Amago's top retainer, Yamanaka Shikanosuke, who gained fame in the siege of 1578. In that year, Mori sent an army of approximately thirty thousand into the region, to take back control of Kōzuki Castle, through which he would regain control of the region.

In October of that year, the Mori army surrounded Kōzuki Castle and began the attack. Amago Katsuhisa had, at most, one thousand men in his army to defend the castle.

While Kōzuki Castle was under siege by the army of Mori, Hideyoshi himself returned with ten thousand soldiers to aid Amago in his defense of the castle. Hideyoshi sent a request to Oda Nobunaga for more soldiers to aid in the defense. Oda's reply condemned the defenders of the castle to their deaths.

At that time, Oda Nobunaga had problems further east – at Miki Castle (located in present day eastern Hyogo Prefecture). Hideyoshi was sent no troops. Rather, Hideyoshi and his army of ten thousand were recalled to aid in Oda's assault on Miki Castle. Hideyoshi and his men were literally within three miles of Kōzuki Castle when they were recalled.

The Amago forces repelled attack after attack, but their numbers were being reduced steadily with each assault and a Mori victory was just a matter of time.

Without his lord's permission, Yamanaka Shikanosuke met in secret with the leaders of the attacking Mori army and made them an offer. In exchange for the safety of Amago's retainers, Yamanaka and the defenders of Kōzuki Castle would surrender. His offer was accepted. Yamanaka Shikanosuke surrendered with what was left of Amago Katsuhisa's army. As promised, those who surrendered were kept alive and changed their allegiance to side with Mori.

Amago Katsuhisa committed ritual suicide within the castle walls. The bargain Yamanaka Shikanosuke had made with the Mori did not apply to himself.

Yamanaka Shikanosuke was taken prisoner and taken into the west. There he was executed in a dishonorable fashion – being cut down from behind. One theory suggests that Yamanaka struck a bargain with the Mori in an attempt to save his own life. Another suggests that he sacrificed himself for the sake of his men. The finer details of the secret meeting were never recorded and it is impossible to know Yamanaka's true motives.

by Carl F. Kelley

Contributed December 2002

see also:

Amago (Amako) Katsuhisa (pg. X), Toyotomi (Hashiba) Hideyoshi (pg. X), Kobayakawa Takakage (pg. X), Kikkawa Motoharu (pg. X)

(todo: index this entry)

Kukai

Lived 774 to 835.

Kuki Yoshitaka

Kumamoto National Party

Kumamoto Prefecture

Area: 7,403 km2 (1995)

Capital: Kumamoto

Population: 1,870,000 (1996)

Kunohe Masazane

Lived

Kuroda Kiyotaka

Lived 16 Oct. 1840 to 23 Aug. 1900.

Prime Minister from 30 April 1888 to 24 December 1889.

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Itō	Agriculture & Commerce	Sep 16, 1887	Apr 30, 1888
Kuroda	Prime Minister	Apr 30, 1888	Dec 24, 1889
2nd Itō	Hanretsu	Mar 17, 1895	Sep 18, 1896

Table 60Cabinet Positions Held by Kuroda Kiyotaka

Cabinet

Name	Position	From	To
Kuroda Kiyotaka	Prime Minister	Apr 30, 1888	Dec 24, 1889
Enomoto Takeaki	Agriculture & Commerce	Apr 30, 1888	Jul 25, 1889
Komaki Banchō	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	Apr 30, 1888	Dec 24, 1889
Inoue Kowashi	Chief of Legislative Bureau	Apr 30, 1888	Dec 24, 1889
Enomoto Takeaki	Communications	Apr 30, 1888	Mar 22, 1889
Gotō Shōjirō	Communications	Mar 22, 1889	Dec 24, 1889
Mori Arinori	Education	Apr 30, 1888	Feb 12, 1889
Ōyama Iwao	Education	Feb 16, 1889	Mar 22, 1889
Enomoto Takeaki	Education	Mar 22, 1889	Dec 24, 1889
Matsukata Masayoshi	Finance	Apr 30, 1888	Dec 24, 1889
Ōkuma Shigenobu	Foreign Affairs	Apr 30, 1888	Dec 24, 1889
Itō Hirobumi	Hanretsu	Apr 30, 1888	Dec 24, 1889
Yamagata Aritomo	Home Affairs	Apr 30, 1888	Dec 3, 1888
Matsukata Masayoshi	Home Affairs	Dec 3, 1888	Oct 3, 1889
Yamagata Aritomo	Home Affairs	Oct 3, 1889	Dec 24, 1889
Yamada Akiyoshi	Justice	Apr 30, 1888	Dec 24, 1889
Saigō Tsugumichi	Navy	Apr 30, 1888	Dec 24, 1889
Ōyama Iwao	War	Apr 30, 1888	Dec 24, 1889

Table 61Kuroda Kiyotaka's Cabinet

Kuroda Nagamasa

Lived 3 Dec. 1568 to 4 Aug. 1623.

Son of Kuroda Yoshitaka. Fought for Toyotomi Hideyoshi in Kyūshū and Korea. Sided with Tokugawa Ieyasu at the Battle of Sekigahara and again at the Seige of Ōsaka.

Was given Najima (520,000 koku) in Chikuzen after Sekigahara. Previously he had held Nakatsu (120,000 koku) in Buzen.

see also:

Buzen Province (pg. X), Chikuzen Province (pg. X), Korea, Invasion of (pg. X), Kyūshū (pg. X), Ōsaka, Seige of (pg. X), Sekigahara, Battle of (pg. X), Tokugawa Ieyasu (pg. X), Toyotomi Hideyoshi (pg. X),

Kuroiwa Ruiko

Lived 1862 to 1920.

Kurosawa Akira

Lived 23 March 1910 to 6 Sept. 1998

One of Japan's most famous directors, many famous American and European directors have paid homage to Kurosawa. His works include Seven Samurai, Rashōmon, Ran, High and Low, and many others.

Mifune Toshiro appeared in many of Kurosawa's films.

todo: add dates, more films, and the japanese titles. also list the awards he won with dates.

Kurusu Takeo

Lived

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Katayama	Finance	Jun 25, 1947	Mar 10, 1948
Ashida	State: Director of Economic Stabilization Board & Director of Price Board	Mar 10, 1948	Oct 15, 1948
Ashida	State: Director of Central Economic Investigation Agency	Aug 1, 1948	Oct 15, 1948

Table 62Cabinet Positions Held by Kurusu Takeo

Kuruzuryugawa, Battle of

Kusunoki Masashige

Lived 1294 to 1336.

Kyōgoku Takatsugu

Lived 1560 to 1609.

Samurai. Christian.

Fought for Oda Nobunaga.

Received Ōtsu (60,000 koku) in Ōmi from Hideyoshi (what year?).

Side with the Tokugawa (when?) and was attacked at his castle by Tachibana Muneshige and Tsukushi Hirokado. (Details?)

Was given Obama (92,000 koku) in Wakasa in 1600.

Baptised in 1602.

see also:

Oda Nobunaga (pg. X), Ōmi Province (pg. X), Tachibana Muneshige (pg. X), Tokugawa Family (pg. X), Toyotomi Hideyoshi (pg. X), Tsukushi Hirokado (pg. X), Wakasa Province (pg. X),

Kyōhō

Nengō: 1716--1735.

Kyokutei Bakin

See Bakin on page XX.

Kyōroku

Nengō: 1528--1531.

Kyōto City

The capital of Kyōto Prefecture.

Kyōto Prefecture

Not technically a ken but rather a fu.

Area: 4,612 km2 (1995)

Capital: Kyōto

Population: 2,550,000 (1996)

Kyōtoku

Nengō: 1452--1454.

aka Kōtoku.

Kyōwa

Nengō: 1801--1803.

Kyūan

Nengō: 1145--1150.

Kyūju

Nengō: 1154--1155.

Kyūshū

One of the four main islands of Japan. Of the four, Kyūūshū is the farthest South and West. It is thus relatively close to both China and Korea. Historically, Kyūshū has had more freedom from the central government than other areas of the main islands have had (with the notable exception of Hokkaidō).

see also:

Hokkaidō, Honshū, Shikoku

Kyūshū Campaign

Lansing, Robert – Lytton

Lansing, Robert

Li Hung-chang

Lobanov

Lytton

MacArthur, Douglas – Mutsu Province

MacArthur, Douglas

Lived 1880 to 1964.

Machida Chūji

Lived 1863 to 1946.

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Wakatsuki	Agriculture & Forestry	Jun 3, 1926	Apr 20, 1927
Hamaguchi	Agriculture & Forestry	Jul 2, 1929	Apr 14, 1931
2nd Wakatsuki	Agriculture & Forestry	Apr 14, 1931	Dec 13, 1931
Okada	Commerce & Industry	Jul 8, 1934	Mar 9, 1936
Okada	Finance	Feb 27, 1936	Mar 9, 1936
Koiso	State	Jul 22, 1944	Apr 7, 1945

Table 63Cabinet Positions Held by Machida Chūji

Maebara Issei

Lived 1834 to 1876.

Maebashi City

Capital of Gunma Prefecture (pg. X)

Maeda Family

A daimyō family from Owari who were descended from Sugawara no Michizane (pg. X).

Maeda Mitsumasa

Lived 1613 to 1645.

Son of Maeda Toshitsune (pg. X).

Maeda Toshiharu

Lived 1618 to 1660.

Son of Maeda Toshitsune (pg. X).

Maeda Toshiie

Lived 1539 (1538?) to 1599.

Fought for Oda Nobunaga (pg XXX).

Assisted Hideyoshi with the invasion of Korea, from Japan.

Was one of the five daimyō Hideyoshi appointed to rule while his son was a minor. Toshiie tried to curb the power of the Tokugawa, but died before Sekigahara.

Maeda Toshimasa

aka Maeda Takamasa

Son of Toshiie.

Was the daimyō of Noto (215,000 koku) but supported Hideyori at Sekigahara. For this he was forced to retire and his lands went to his brother Maeda Toshinaga.

Maeda Toshinaga

Lived 1562 to 1614.

Eldest son of Maeda Toshiie. Married one of Tokugawa Ieyasu's daughters.

Supported Ieyasu and after receiving his brother Toshimasa's lands (Noto, 215,000 koku) controlled a total of 1,250,000 koku, an amount exceeded only by the Shogunate. Toshinaga built and resided in Kanazawa Castle.

Had no children and adopted his brother Toshitsune as his heir.

Maeda Toshitsugi

Maeda Toshitsune

Lived 1593 to 1658.

Brother to Maeda Toshinaga. Adopted as his heir, becoming the wealthest daimyō outside of the Tokugawa. He controlled Etchu, Kaga, and Noto.

Maeda Yonezō

Lived

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Tanaka G.	Chief of Legislative Bureau	Apr 20, 1927	Jul 2, 1929
Inukai (dates?)	Commerce & Industry	Dec 13, 1931	May 26, 1932
Hirota	Railways	Mar 9, 1936	Feb 2, 1937
Hiranuma	Railways	Jan 5, 1939	Aug 30, 1939
Koiso	Transport & Communications	Jul 22, 1944	Apr 7, 1945

Table 64Cabinet Positions Held by Maeda Yonezō

Maejima Hisoka

Lived 1835 to 1919.

Maibara City

Makino Nobuaki

Lived 1861 to 1949.

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Saionji	Education	Mar 27, 1906	Jul 14, 1908
2nd Saionji	Agriculture & Commerce	Aug 30, 1911	Dec 21, 1912
1st Yamamoto	Foreign Affairs	Feb 20, 1913	Apr 16, 1914

Table 65Cabinet Positions Held by Makino Nobuaki

Manchurian Incident

Manchurian Railway Company

Man'en

Nengō: 1860--1860.

Manji

Nengō: 1658--1660.

Manju

Nengō: 1024--1027.

Marco Polo Bridge Incident

Marune, Seige of

Took place in 1560.

(Tokugawa? Matsudaira Motoyasu?) took the castle from Sakuma Morishige, a vassal of Oda Nobunaga.

see also:

Tokugawa Ieyasu (pg. X),

Oda Nobunaga (pg. X),

Masuda Takashi

Lived 1848 to 1938.

Matsudaira Kagetada

Matsudaira Koremasu

Matsudaira Motoyasu

Matsudaira Sadanobu

Lived 27 Dec. 1758 (1759?) to 13 May 1829.

Matsuda Masahisa

Lived 1845 to 1914.

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Ōkuma	Finance	Jun 30, 1898	Nov 8, 1898
4th Itō	Education	Oct 19, 1900	Jun 2, 1901
1st Saionji	Justice	Jan 7, 1906	Mar 25, 1908
1st Saionji	Finance	Jan 14, 1908	Jul 14, 1908
2nd Saionji	Justice	Aug 30, 1911	Dec 21, 1912
1st Yamamoto	Justice	Feb 20, 1913	Nov 11, 1913

Table 66Cabinet Positions Held by Matsuda Masahisa

Matsue City

Capital of Shimane Prefecture (pg. X).

Matsukata Masayoshi

Lived 1835 to 1929.

Prime Minister from 6 May 1891 to 8 August 1892 and 18 September 1896 to 12 January 1898.

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Itō	Finance	Dec 22, 1885	Apr 30, 1888
Kurota	Finance	Apr 30, 1888	Dec 24, 1889
Kurota	Home Affairs	Dec 3, 1888	Oct 3, 1889
1st Yamagata	Finance	Dec 24, 1889	May 6, 1891
1st Matsukata	Finance	May 6, 1891	Aug 8, 1892
1st Matsukata	Prime Minister	May 6, 1891	Aug 8, 1892
1st Matsukata	Home Affairs	Jun 8, 1892	Jul 14, 1892
2nd Itō	Finance	Mar 17, 1895	Aug 27, 1895
2nd Matsukata	Finance	Sep 18, 1896	Jan 12, 1898
2nd Matsukata	Prime Minister	Sep 18, 1896	Jan 12, 1898
2nd Yamagata	Finance	Nov 8, 1898	Oct 19, 1900

Table 67Cabinet Positions Held by Matsukata Masayoshi

Matsukata Masayoshi's First Cabinet

Name	Position	From	To
Matsukata Masayoshi	Prime Minister	May 6, 1891	Aug 8, 1892
Kōno Togama	Agriculture & Commerce	Mar 14, 1892	Jul 14, 1892
Mutsu Munemitsu	Agriculture & Commerce	May 6, 1891	Mar 14, 1892
Sano Tsunetami	Agriculture & Commerce	Jul 14, 1892	Aug 8, 1892
Hiranuma Narinobu	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	May 6, 1891	Aug 8, 1892
Ozaki Saburō	Chief of Legislative Bureau	May 6, 1891	Aug 8, 1892
Gotō Shōjirō	Communications	May 6, 1891	Aug 8, 1892
Ōki Takatō	Education	Jun 1, 1891	Aug 8, 1892
Ōki Takatō	Education	Jun 1, 1891	Aug 8, 1892
Yoshikawa Akimasa	Education	May 6, 1891	Jun 1, 1891
Matsukata Masayoshi	Finance	May 6, 1891	Aug 8, 1892
Matsukata Masayoshi	Finance	May 6, 1891	Aug 8, 1892
Aoki Shūzō	Foreign Affairs	May 6, 1891	May 29, 1891
Enomoto Takeaki	Foreign Affairs	May 29, 1891	Aug 8, 1892
Kōno Togama	Home Affairs	Jul 14, 1892	Aug 8, 1892
Matsukata Masayoshi	Home Affairs	Jun 8, 1892	Jul 14, 1892
Saigō Tsugumichi	Home Affairs	May 6, 1891	Jun 1, 1891
Shinagawa Yajirō	Home Affairs	Jun 1, 1891	Mar 11, 1892
Soejima Taneomi	Home Affairs	Mar 11, 1892	Jun 8, 1892
Kōno Togama	Justice	Jun 23, 1892	Aug 8, 1892
Tanaka Fujimaro	Justice	Jun 1, 1891	Jun 23, 1892
Yamada Akiyoshi	Justice	May 6, 1891	Jun 1, 1891
Kabayama Sukenori	Navy	May 6, 1891	Aug 8, 1892
Ōyama Iwao	War	May 6, 1891	May 17, 1891
Takashima Tomonosuke	War	May 17, 1891	Aug 8, 1892

Table 68Matsukata Masayoshi's First Cabinet

Matsukata Masayoshi's Second Cabinet

Name	Position	From	To
Matsukata Masayoshi	Prime Minister	Sep 18, 1896	Jan 12, 1898
Enomoto Takeaki	Agriculture & Commerce	Sep 18, 1896	Mar 29, 1897
Ōkuma Shigenobu	Agriculture & Commerce	Mar 29, 1897	Nov 6, 1897
Yamada Nobumichi	Agriculture & Commerce	Nov 8, 1897	Jan 12, 1898
Hiranuma Narinobu	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	Oct 8, 1897	Jan 12, 1898
Takahashi Kenzō	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	Sep 18, 1896	Oct 8, 1897
Kōmuchi Tomotsune	Chief of Legislative Bureau	Sep 18, 1896	Oct 28, 1897
Ume Kenjirō	Chief of Legislative Bureau	Oct 28, 1897	Jan 12, 1898
Takashima Tomonosuke	Colonization	Sep 18, 1896	Sep 2, 1897
Nomura Yasushi	Communications	Sep 26, 1896	Jan 12, 1898
Shirane Sen'ichi	Communications	Sep 18, 1896	Sep 26, 1896
Hachisuka Mochiaki	Education	Sep 28, 1896	Nov 6, 1897
Hamao Arata	Education	Nov 6, 1897	Jan 12, 1898
Saionji Kinmochi	Education	Sep 18, 1896	Sep 28, 1896
Matsukata Masayoshi	Finance	Sep 18, 1896	Jan 12, 1898
Nishi Tokujirō	Foreign Affairs	Nov 6, 1897	Jan 12, 1898
Ōkuma Shigenobu	Foreign Affairs	Sep 22, 1896	Nov 6, 1897
Saionji Kinmochi	Foreign Affairs	Sep 18, 1896	Sep 22, 1896
Itagaki Taisuke	Home Affairs	Sep 18, 1896	Sep 20, 1896
Kabayama Sukenori	Home Affairs	Sep 20, 1896	Jan 12, 1898
Kiyoura Keigo	Justice	Sep 26, 1896	Jan 12, 1898
Yoshikawa Akimasa	Justice	Sep 18, 1896	Sep 26, 1896
Saigō Tsugumichi	Navy	Sep 18, 1896	Jan 12, 1898
Ōyama Iwao	War	Sep 18, 1896	Sep 20, 1895
Takashima Tomonosuke	War	Sep 20, 1896	Jan 12, 1898

Table 69Matsukata Masayoshi's Second Cabinet

Matsukura Castle

Castle in Etchū, built by Fumon Toshikiyo.

Matsumoto Jōji

Lived

Cabinet Positions Held by Matsumoto Jōji

Cabinet	Position	From	To
2nd Yamamoto	Chief of Legislative Bureau	Sep 2, 1923	Jan 7, 1924
Saitō	Commerce & Industry	Feb 9, 1934	Jul 8, 1934
Shidehara	State	Oct 9, 1945	May 22, 1946

Table 70Cabinet Positions Held by Matsumoto Jōji

Matsumura Kenzō

Lived

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Higashikuni	Education	Aug 17, 1945	Aug 18, 1945
Higashikuni	Welfare	Aug 17, 1945	Oct 9, 1945
Shidehara	Agriculture & Forestry	Oct 9, 1945	Jan 13, 1946

Table 71Cabinet Positions Held by Matsumura Kenzō

Matsunaga Hisahide

Lived 1510 to 1577

Samurai.

Spent much time fighting in shōgunal succession disputes. Briefly controlled a baby shōgun.

Became a vassal of Oda Nobunaga in 1568. Revolted in 1572 but soon turned on his co-traitors. Tried to revolt again in 1577 but Oda forces destroyed his castle (which was where?) and Hisahide committed suicide.

This reminds me --- need to add an entry on gekokujō.

See Also

gekokujō (pg. X),

Oda Nobunaga (pg. X),

Matsuo Bashō

Lived 1844 to 1694.

Matsuoka Komakichi

Lived 1888 to 1958.

Matsuoka Yosuke

Lived 1880 to 1946.

Matsusaka-han

Matsushita Konosuke

Lived 1894 to 1989.

Matsuyama City

Capital of Ehime Prefecture (pg. XX).

Matsuyama-han

Matsuzaka-han

May Fifteen Incident

May Fourth Movement

Meiji Constitution

See Constitution of 1889, on page 50.

Meiji

Nengō: 1868-1912.

The Meiji Era (1868--1912) marks the reign of the Emperor Meiji. During this time, Japan was modernized and rose to world power status.

The Meiji Restoration (1867--1868) ended the over 250 years of rule by the Tokugawa shōguns. It also is a convenient break between old feudal-like and “modern” Japan. In 1868, 14-year-old Mutsuhito succeded his father, the Emperor Komei, taking the title Meiji, meaning “enlightened rule.”

Considering that the economic structure and production of the country was roughly equivalent to Elizabethan era England, to become a world power in such a short amount of time is widely regarded as remarkable progress. This process was closely monitored and heavily subsidized by the Meiji government, creating companies whose power and influence would grow such that would later be known as “zaibatsu.”

Following her defeat of China in Korea in the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895), Japan's breakthrough as an international power came with her victory against Russia in Korea and Manchuria (north-eastern China) in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904--1905. Allied with Britain since 1902, Japan joined the Allies in World War I, seizing German-held territory in China and the Pacific in the process, but otherwise remained largely out of the conflict. After the war, a weakened Europe left a greater share in international markets to the U.S. and Japan, which emerged greatly strengthened. Japanese competition made great inroads into hitherto European-dominated markets in Asia, not only in China, but even in European colonies like India and Indonesia.

The Emperor Meiji died in 1912 and the Taisho emperor took the throne and thus began the Taisho Era.

Modified from the Wikipedia article available at:

http://www.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Meiji_Era

Meiji Restoration

Meiji-tennō

The 122nd emperor of Japan.

Lived 22 Sept. 1852 to 29 July 1912.

Reigned 9 Jan. 1867 to 29 (30?) July 1912. His coronation was in 1868.

Meiō

Nengō: 1492--1500.

Meireki

Nengō: 1655--1657.

Meishō-tennō

An empress, not an emperor. The 109th ruler of Japan. The last woman to sit on the throne.

Lived from 19 Nov 1623 to 10 Nov 1696.

Reigned from 8 Nov 1629 (1630?) to 3 Oct 1643.

Second daughter of Gomizunō-tennō.

Meitoku (Northern Dynasty)

Nengō of the Northern Dynasty: 1390-1393.

Meitoku (Southern Dynasty)

Nengō of the Southern Dynasty: 1393-1393.

Meiwa

Nengō: 1764--1771.

Mie Prefecture

Area: 5,774 km2 (1995)

Capital: Tsu

Population: 1,840,000 (1996)

Miike Coal Mine

Mikagehama, Battle of

1351.

A battle between Ashikaga Takauji and Kō Morona on one side and Ishidō Yorifusa on the other. Ishidō won.

Mikatagahara, Battle of

Fought in 1572.

Takeda Shingen was headed for Ieyasu's castle at Hamamatsu. Among his men were Yamagata Masakage and Baba Nobuharu. Ieyasu took about 11,000 men (3,000 of them Oda Nobunaga's troops) out to meet Shingen in battle. Shingen had as many as 30,000 men.

Shingen defeated Ieyasu but bad weather and Tokugawa cunning prevented him from following up on the victory. The cunning part is this: Ieyasu managed to retreat into his castle, but ordered the gates left open and bonfires lit, to help his scattered troops to find their way back.

Sakai Tadatsugu, in the castle, even went so far as to beat on a drum. In addition to helping morale, these efforts convinced Masakage and Nobuharu --- pursuing the retreating Tokugawa forces --- that there must be some trick. Instead of attacking the wide open castle, they camped outside for the night. The following day, the Takeda army left.

see also:

Takeda Shingen (pg. X), Tokugawa Ieyasu (pg. X), Yamagata Masakage (pg. X), Baba Nobuharu (pg. X), Sakai Tadatsugu (pg. X)

Mikawa Province

A province in the area that is today Aichi Prefecture. Mikawa bordered on Owari, Mino, Shinano, and Tōtōmi Provinces.

see also:

Aichi Prefecture (pg. X),

Owari Province (pg. X),

Mino Province (pg. X),

Shinano Province (pg. X),

Tōtōmi Province (pg. X),

Miki Kiyoshi

Lived 1897 to 1945.

Miki, Seige of

Lasted from 1578--1580.

Hideyoshi took Miki Castle from Bessho Nagaharu, a retainer of the Mōri.

see also:

Toyotomi Hideyoshi (pg. X),

Mōri Family (pg. X),

Bessho Nagaharu (pg. X),

Miki Takeo

Lived 1907 to 1988.

Politician. Elected to the Diet in 1937 and remained there until at least 1984. Was prime minister from 9 December 1974 to 24 December 1976. Miki was popular with the public for his attempts at reform and unpopular with big business and his own party for the same reason. He held many other posts during his career in addition to being prime minister.

Mimasaka Province

A province in the area that is today Okayama Prefecture. Mimasaka bordered on Bitchū, Bizen, Harima, Hōki, and Inaba Provinces. Mimasaka was landlocked.

see also:

Bitchū Province (pg. X),

Bizen Province (pg. X),

Harima Province (pg. X),

Hōki Province (pg. X),

Inaba Province (pg. X),

Okayama Prefecture (pg. X),

Mimasetoge, Battle of

Took place in 1569.

Hōjō Ujiteru and Hōjō Ujikuni attacked Takeda Shingen. Although outnumbered 2 to 1, Shingen and his army managed to escape.

see also:

Takeda Shingen (pg. X), Hōjō Ujiteru (pg. X), Hōjō Ujikuni (pg. X)

Minami Hiroshi

Lived

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Saionji	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	Jan 04 1908	14 July 1908
2nd Saionji	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	30 Aug 1911	21 Dec 1912
Saitō	Communications	26 May 1932	08 July 1934

Table 72Cabinet Positions Held by Minami Hiroshi

Minamoto Akira

Lived 814 to 843.

Minamoto Ariko

Lived 1171 to 1257.

Minamoto Chikako

Daughter of Morochika (who?). Wife to Emperors Kameyama and Godaigo.

Minamoto Families

An important job for any hereditary ruler is to provide an heir. In the past it was not uncommon for many children to die before reaching adulthood and thus it was not safe for a monarch to have only a few children. More sons offered a better chance of at least one making it safely to adulthood and eventually to become ruler.

But what to do with all the other royal children who do not die? At best they are a drain on the treasury and at worst (the usual case) they are involved in all sorts of court plots and conspiracies. The Emperor Saga (reigned 809 to 823) started the tradition of giving the name `Minamoto' to the sons and sometimes brothers of emperors and then casting them free, as new families, separate from the imperial court.

As time went on there were so many Minamotos that they started being distinguished by which emperor they were descended from. Thus, the Daigo-Minamoto are descendents of the Emperor Daigo and the Uda-Minamoto are descendents of the Emperor Uda.

Minamoto Family (Daigo Branch)

A branch of the Minamoto family decended from Minamoto Takaaki, a son of Emperor Daigo.

Toshikata, Takakuni, Toshiaki, and Hiromasa are among the members of this line of the Minamoto.

see also:

Daigo-tennō (pg. X),

Minamoto Hiromasa (pg. X),

Minamoto Takaaki (pg. X),

Minamoto Takakuni (pg. X),

Minamoto Toshiaki (pg. X),

Minamoto Toshikata (pg. X),

Minamoto Family (Murakami Branch)

A branch of the Minamoto family descended from Tamehira and Tomohira, sons of the Emperor Murakami.

Minamoto Family (Saga Branch)

A branch of the Minamoto family decended from Minamoto Makoto, a son of the Emperor Saga.

Tsune, Akira, Sadamu, Tōru, Hikaru, and Shitagau are among the members of this line of the Minamoto.

see also:

Minamoto Akira (pg. X),

Minamoto Hikaru (pg. X),

Minamoto Makoto (pg. X),

Minamoto Sadamu (pg. X),

Minamoto Shitagau (pg. X),

Minamoto Tōru (pg. X),

Minamoto Tsune (pg. X),

Saga-tennō (pg. X),

Minamoto Family (Seiwa Branch)

A branch of the Minamoto family descended from Sadatoshi, Sadayasu, and Sadazumi, sons of the Emperor Seiwa.

Minamoto Family (Uda Branch)

A branch of the Minamoto family descended from Tokiyo and Atsuzane, sons of the Emperor Uda.

Minamoto Hideakira

Died 940.

Minamoto Hikaru

Lived 845 to 913.

Minamoto Hiromasa

Lived 918 to 980.

Minamoto Ichiman

Lived 1200 to 1203.

Minamoto Kugyo

Minamoto Makoto

Lived 810 to 869.

Minamoto Masanobu

Lived 920 to 993.

Minamoto Masazane

Lived 1059 to 1127.

Minamoto Michichika

Lived 1149 to 1202.

Minamoto Mitsunaka

Lived 912 to 997.

Minamoto Morofusa

Lived 1003 to 1077.

Minamoto Moroyori

Lived 1070 to 1139.

Minamoto Nakatsuna

Died 1180.

Minamoto Noriyori

Lived 1156 to 1193.

Minamoto Sadamu

Lived 815 to 863.

Minamoto Sanetomo

Lived 1192 to 1219.

The 3rd Kamakura shōgun.

In office: 1203 to 1219.

Minamoto Senju-maru

Lived 1201 to 1214.

Minamoto Shitagau

Lived 911 to 983.

Minamoto Takaaki

Lived 914 to 982.

Minamoto Takakuni

Lived 1004 to 1077.

Minamoto Tametomo

Lived 1139 to 1170.

Minamoto Tameyoshi

Lived 1096 to 1156.

Minamoto Tomonaga

Lived 1144 to 1160.

Minamoto Tōru

Lived 822 to 895.

Minamoto Toshiaki

Lived 1044 to 1114.

Minamoto Toshifusa

Lived 1035 to 1131.

Minamoto Toshikata

Lived 959 to 1027.

Minamoto Tsunemoto

Lived 894 to 961.

Minamoto Tsune

Lived 812 to 854.

Minamoto Yoriie

Lived 1182 to 1204.

The 2nd Kamakura shōgun.

In office: 1202 to 1203.

Minamoto Yorimasa

Lived 1106 to 1180.

Minamoto Yorimitsu

Lived 944 to 1021.

Minamoto Yorinobu

Lived 968 to 1048.

Minamoto Yoritomo

Lived 1147 to 1199.

The 1st Kamakura shōgun.

In office: 1192 to 1199.

Minamoto Yoriyoshi

Lived 995 to 1082.

Minamoto Yoshichika

Died 1117.

Minamoto Yoshihira

Lived 1140 to 1160.

Minamoto Yoshiie

Lived 1041 to 1108.

Minamoto Yoshikata

Died 1155.

Minamoto Yoshikuni

Died 1155.

Minamoto Yoshimitsu

Lived 1056 to 1127.

Minamoto Yoshinaka

Lived 1154 to 1184.

Minamoto Yoshitomo

Lived 1123 to 1160.

Minamoto Yoshitsuna

Died 1134.

Minamoto Yoshitsune

Lived 1159 to 1189.

Minamoto Yukiie

Died 1186.

Mining

Minobe Tatsukichi

Lived 1873 to 1948.

Minomura Rizaemon

Lived 1821 to 1877.

Mino Province

A province in the area that is today Gifu Prefecture. Mino bordered on Echizen, Hida, Ise, Mikawa, Ōmi, Owari, and Shinano Provinces.

see also:

Echizen Province (pg. X),

Gifu Prefecture (pg. X),

Hida Province (pg. X),

Ise Province (pg. X),

Mikawa Province (pg. X),

Ōmi Province (pg. X),

Owari Province (pg. X),

Shinano Province (pg. X),

Minseito

Minshū Shakaitō

Mishima Michitsune

Lived 1835 to 1888.

Mishima Yukio

Lived 14 Jan. 1925 to 25 Nov. 1970.

Novelist. Graduate of Tokyo University.

Works include (\ldots).

Misora Hibari

aka Kato Kazue

Lived 1937 to 1989.

Mito City

Capital of Ibaraki Prefecture (pg. X).

Mitsuchi Chūzō

Lived

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Takahashi	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	13 Nov 1921	12 June 1922
Tanaka G.	Education	20 Apr 1927	02 June 1927
Tanaka G.	Finance	02 June 1927	02 July 1929
Inukai (Check dates)	Communications	13 Dec 1931	26 May 1932
Saitō	Railways	26 May 1932	08 July 1934
Shidehara	Home Affairs	13 Jan 1946	22 May 1946
Shidehara	Transport	13 Jan 1946	26 Jan 1946

Table 73Cabinet Positions Held by Mitsuchi Chūzō

Mitsui

Mitsukuri Rinsho

Lived 1846 to 1897.

Miura Goro

Lived 1847 to 1926.

Miyagi Prefecture

Area: 7,285 km2 (1995)

Capital: Sendai

Population: 2,310,000 (1996)

Miyake Setsurei

Lived 1860 to 1945.

Miyamoto Musashi

aka Niten

Lived 1584 to 19 May 1645.

Most famous as a swordsman but also well known as an author and artist.

Founder of the Niten-Ichiryu (sp?) school of swordfighting.

Legend has it that Musashi fought at least 60 duals between 1597 and 1613 without losing a single one.

After `retiring' from swordfighting, Musashi spend his time writing his famous book, known in English as “The Book of Five Rings” and on painting and drawing, in which he showed considerable talent. He left several paintings that are still well-regarded today.

Miyazaki City

Capital of Miyazaki Prefecture (pg XXX).

Miyazaki Prefecture

Area: 7,734 km2 (1995)

Capital: Miyazaki

Population: 1,190,000 (1996)

Miyazawa Kiichi

Prime Minister from 5 November 1991 to 9 August 1993. (Replaced by

Hosokawa Morihiro (pg XXX)).

Miyoshi Chōkei

Lived 1523 to 1564.

Samurai.

Mizuno Nobumoto

Died 1576.

Son of Mizuno Tadamasa. Brother of Mizuno Tadashige.

Switched his allegiance from the Imagawa family to Oda Nobuhide.

Killed by Tokugawa Ieyasu on orders from Oda Nobunaga. (Why?)

Mizuno Rentarō

Lived

Cabinet Positions Held by Mizuno Rentarō

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Terauchi	Home Affairs	23 Apr 1918	29 Sep 1918
Katō Tomosaburō	Home Affairs	12 June 1922	02 Sep 1923
Kiyoura	Home Affairs	07 Jan 1924	11 June 1924
Tanaka G.	Education	02 June 1927	25 May 1928

Table 74Cabinet Positions Held by Mizuno Rentarō

Mizuno Tadashige

Lived 1541 to 1600.

Son of Mizuno Tadamasa. Brother of Mizuno Nobumoto.

Was given his brother's fief of Kariya (?? koku) in Mikawa.

Was killed by Kagai Hidemasa. (Why?)

Mochizuke Keisuke

Lived

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Tanaka G.	Communications	20 Apr 1927	23 May 1928
Tanaka G.	Home Affairs	23 May 1928	02 July 1929
Okada	Communications	12 Sep 1935	09 Mar 1936

Table 75Cabinet Positions Held by Mochizuke Keisuke

Mommu-tennō

The 42nd emperor of Japan.

Reigned 697 to 707.

Momozono-tennō

The 116th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 1747 to 1762.

Mongol Invasions

Montoku-tennō

The 55th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 850 to 858.

Mori Arinori

Lived 1847 to 1889.

Mōri Family

Family of daimyō, descended from Ōe Hiromoto. Established themselves in Aki Province.

Mori Kaku

Lived 1883 to 1932.

Morikuni

Lived 1301 to 1333.

The 9th Kamakura Shōgun.

Ruled 1308 to 1333.

Son of the Shōgun Hisaakira. Grandson of the Emperor Gofukakusa.

see also:

Gofukakusa-tennō (pg. X),

Hisaakira (pg. X),

Kamakura Shōgunate (pg. X),

Mōri Motonari

Lived 1497 to 1571.

Morinaga

Lived 1308 to 1335.

The 10th Kamakura Shōgun.

Ruled 1333 to 1334.

Son of the Emperor Godaigo and Minamoto Chikako.

see also:

Gofukakusa-tennō (pg. X),

Hisaakira (pg. X),

Kamakura Shōgunate (pg. X),

Mori Nagayoshi

Mori Ogai

Lived 1862 to 1922.

Morioka City

Capital of Iwate Prefecture (pg. X)

Mōri Takamoto

Lived

Mōri Terumoto

Lived 22 Jan. 1553 to 27 April 1625

Son of Mōri Takamoto.

Fought against Toyotomi Hideyoshi but was eventually overcome. Participated in the Kūshū campaign (1587) on Hideyoshi's side.

Built Hiroshima Castle.

Terumoto was one of the five Tairō appointed by Hideyoshi.

At the height of his power, Terumoto controlled 1.2 million koku. (when? where?)

Sided against Tokugawa Ieysasu but was not present at the Battle of Sekigahara. Terumoto was in Ōsaka Castle at the time and surrendered to Ieyasu soon after Sekigahara. Ieyasu reduced Terumoto's domains, leaving him only Nagato and Suō Provinces, worth 369,000 koku total.

see also:

Hiroshima Castle (pg. X),

Kyūshū Campaign (pg. X),

Mōri Takamoto (pg. X),

Nagato Province (pg. X),

Ōsaka Castle (pg. X),

Sekigahara, Battle of (pg. X),

Suō Province (pg. X),

Tairō (pg. X),

Tokugawa Ieysasu (pg. X),

Toyotomi Hideyoshi (pg. X),

Moriyama Hisakane

Mori Yoshirō

Born July 14, 1937 in Ishikawa Prefecture.

Prime Minister from 5 April 2000 to 4 July 2000 and 4 July 2000 to 26 April 2001. Replaced by Koizumi Jun'ichirō (pg XXX).

Motoda Eifu

aka Motoda Nakazane

Lived 1818 to 1891

Motoda Hajime

Lived

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Yamamoto	Communications	20 Feb 1913	16 Apr 1914
Hara	Railways	15 May 1920	13 Nov 1921
Takahashi	Railways	13 Nov 1921	12 June 1922

Table 76Cabinet Positions Held by Motoda Hajime

Motoori Norinaga

Lived 1730 to 1801.

Mukai Chiaki

Ms. Mukai was the first Japanese woman to become an astronaut. As of September 2001, she has participated in two missions on the U.S. space shuttle.

Munetaka

Lived 1242 to 1274.

The 6th Kamakura Shōgun.

Ruled 1252 to 1266.

Son of the Emperor Gosaga.

Replaced the deposed Fujiwara Yoritsuga as shōgun.

see also:

Gosaga-tennō (pg. X),

Fujiwara Yoritsuga (pg. X),

Kamakura Shōgunate (pg. X),

Murakami-tennō

The 62nd emperor of Japan.

Lived 2 June 926 to 25 May 967.

Reigned 20 April 946 to 25 May 967.

Father of Reizei-tennō (pg XXX).

Murakami Yoshikiyo

Lived 1501 to 1573.

Fought against the both Takeda Nobutora and Takeda Shingen. Was allied with Uesugi Kenshin.

Fought at (one or more of?) the Battles of Kawanakajima.

see also:

Kawanakajima, Battles of (pg. X),

Takeda Nobutora (pg. X),

Takeda Shingen (pg. X),

Uesugi Kenshin (pg. X),

Murasaki Shikibu

Died 992.

Daughter of Fujiwara Tametoki. Wife of Fujiwara Nobutaka.

The author of The Tale of Genji (pg 278), a masterpiece of world literature.

Also left a diary, appropriately enough known as The Dairy of Murasaki Shikibu.

Murase Naokai

Lived

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
2nd Konoe	Chief of Legislative Bureau	22 July 1940	18 July 1941
3rd Konoe	Chief of Legislative Bureau	18 July 1941	18 Oct 1941
Suzuki K.	Chief of Legislative Bureau	07 Apr 1945	17 Aug 1945
Higashikuni	Chief of Legislative Bureau	17 Aug 1945	09 Oct 1945

Table 77Cabinet Positions Held by Murase Naokai

Murata Shōzō

Lived

Cabinet Positions Held by Murata Shōzō

Cabinet	Position	From	To
2nd Konoe	Communications	22 July 1940	18 July 1941
2nd Konoe	Railways	22 July 1940	28 Sep 1940
3rd Konoe	Communications	18 July 1941	18 Oct 1941
3rd Konoe	Railways	18 July 1941	18 Oct 1941

Table 78Cabinet Positions Held by Murata Shōzō

Murayama Ryohei

Lived 1850 to 1933.

Murayama Tomiichi

Prime Minister from 30 June 1994 to 11 January 1996. (Replaced by Hashimoto Ryūtarō (pg XXX)).

Musashi Province

A province in the area that is today Saitama and Tōkyō Prefectures. Musashi bordered on Kai, Kōzuke, Sagami, Shimōsa, and Shimotsuke Provinces.

see also:

Kai Province (pg. X), Kōzuke Province (pg. X), Sagami Province (pg. X), Saitama Prefecture (pg. X), Shimōsa Province (pg. X), Shimotsuke Province (pg. X), Tōkyō Prefecture (pg. X),

Muto Sanji

Lived 1867 to 1934.

Mutsu Munemitsu

Lived 1844 to 1897.

Cabinet Positions Held by Mutsu Munemitsu

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Yamagata	Agriculture & Commerce	17 May 1890	06 May 1891
1st Matsukata	Agriculture & Commerce	06 May 1891	14 Mar 1892
2nd Itō	Foreign Affairs	08 Aug 1892	05 June 1895
2nd Itō	Foreign Affairs	03 Apr 1896	30 May 1896

Table 79Cabinet Positions Held by Mutsu Munemitsu

Mutsu Province

A province that is today Aomori Prefecture. Mutsu bordered on Rikuchū and Ugo Provinces.

see also:

Aomori Province (pg. X), Rikuchū Province (pg. X), Ugo Province (pg. X),

Nabeyama Sadachika – Nunobeyama, Battle of

Nabeyama Sadachika

Lived 1901 to 1979.

Nagai Kafu

Lived 1879 to 1959.

Nagai Ryūtarō

Lived

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Saitō	Colonization	26 May 1932	08 July 1934
1st Konoe	Communications	04 June 1937	05 Jan 1939
Abe	Communications	30 Aug 1939	16 Jan 1940
Abe	Railways	30 Aug 1939	29 Nov 1939

Table 80Cabinet Positions Held by Nagai Ryūtarō

Nagakute, Battle of

Took place 1584.

Hideyoshi forces raided into Mikawa. Ieyasu attacked them from behind. After soom initial skirmishing, the sides faced off near the village of Nagakute. Mori Nagayoshi and Ikeda Nobuteru, two of Hideyoshi's commanders, were killed in the fighting. However, Hideyoshi was already on his way with reinforcements. It became a stalemate and with no advantage to continued fighting, both sides withdrew.

see also:

Toyotomi Hideyoshi (pg. X), Tokugawa Ieysasu (pg. X), Mikawa Province (pg. X), Mori Nagayoshi (pg. X), Ikeda Nobuteru (pg. X),

Nagano City

The capital city of Nagano Prefecture.

Nagano Prefecture

Area: 13,585 km2 (1995)

Capital: Nagano

Population: 2,190,000 (1996)

Nagasaki, Bombing of

On 9 August 1945, the United States military dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Nagasaki. This was three days after a similar bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. Japan surrendered six days later, on 15 August 1945.

The role of the atomic bombs in bringing about Japan's surrender is a major historical controversy. Some historians suggest that the bombings were militarily unnecessary, perhaps more of a show of force against the Soviet Union. Others contend that the only alternative to the destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was an invasion of the home islands themselves---which could have resulted in hundreds of thousands or possibly millions of Allied and Japanese soldiers and civilians injured or killed. Thus, in this view, the power demonstated by the Allies in the form of the atom bombs was needed to convince the Japanese government to accept surrender and spare both sides a protracted and horribly destructive invasion.

President Truman authorized the use of the weapons and insisted to the end of his life that he considered them no different than any other weapon at his disposal.

The firebombing of Tokyo killed a comparable number of people (more during the bombing and as a result of the fires, but possibly fewer long term victims as the firebombs did not give anyone radiation sickness). The biggest difference being that the bombing of Tokyo involved many planes and thousands of bombs whereas Hiroshima and Nagasaki were destroyed by one plane and one bomb each.

Nagasaki lies at the head of a long bay which forms the best natural harbor on the southern Japanese home island of Kyushu. The main commercial and residential area of the city lies on a small plain near the end of the bay. Two rivers divided by a mountain spur form the two main valleys in which the city lies. This mountain spur and the irregular lay-out of the city tremendously reduced the area of destruction, so that at first glance Nagasaki appeared to have been less devastated than Hiroshima.

The heavily build-up area of the city is confined by the terrain to less than 4 square miles out of a total of about 35 square miles in the city as a whole.

The city of Nagasaki had been one of the largest sea ports in southern Japan and was of great war-time importance because of its many and varied industries, including the production of ordnance, ships, military equipment, and other war materials. The narrow long strip attacked was of particular importance because of its industries. In contrast to many modern aspects of Nagasaki, the residences almost without exception were of flimsy, typical Japanese construction, consisting of wood or wood-frame buildings, with wood walls with or without plaster, and tile roofs. Many of the smaller industries and business establishments were also housed in wooden buildings or flimsily built masonry buildings. Nagasaki had been permitted to grow for many years without conforming to any definite city zoning plan and therefore residences were constructed adjacent to factory buildings and to each other almost as close as it was possible to build them throughout the entire industrial valley.

Nagasaki had not been subjected to large scale bombing prior to the explosion of the atomic bomb there. On August 1st, 1945, however, a number of high explosive bombs were dropped on the city. A few of these bombs hit in the shipyards and dock areas in the southwest portion of the city. Several of the bombs hit the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works and six bombs landed at the Nagasaki Medical School and Hospital, with three direct hits on buildings there. While the damage from these few bombs were relatively small, it created considerable concern in Nagasaki and a number of people, principally school children, were evacuated to rural areas for safety, thus reducing the population in the city at the time of the atomic attack.

On the morning of August 9th, 1945, at about 7:50 A.M., Japanese time, an air raid alert was sounded in Nagasaki, but the “All clear” signal was given at 8:30. When only two B-29 superfortresses were sighted at 10:53 the Japanese apparently assumed that the planes were only on reconnaissance and no further alarm was given. A few moments later, at 11:00 o'clock, the observation B-29 dropped instruments attached to three parachutes and at 11:02 the other plane released the atomic bomb.

The bomb exploded high over the industrial valley of Nagasaki, almost midway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works, in the south, and the Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works (Torpedo Works), in the north, the two principal targets of the city.

Despite its extreme importance, the first bombing mission on Hiroshima had been almost routine. The second mission was not so uneventful. Again the crew was specially trained and selected; but bad weather introduced some momentous complications. These complications are best described in the brief account of the mission's weaponeer, Comdr., now Capt., F. L. Ashworth, U.S.N., who was in technical command of the bomb and was charged with the responsibility of insuring that the bomb was successfully dropped at the proper time and on the designated target. His narrative runs as follows:

``The night of our take-off was one of tropical rain squalls, and flashes of lightning stabbed into the darkness with disconcerting regularity. The weather forecast told us of storms all the way from the Marianas to the Empire. Our rendezvous was to be off the southeast coast of Kyushu, some 1500 miles away. There we were to join with our two companion observation B-29's that took off a few minutes behind us. Skillful piloting and expert navigation brought us to the rendezvous without incident.

``About five minutes after our arrival, we were joined by the first of our B-29's. The second, however, failed to arrive, having apparently been thrown off its course by storms during the night. We waited 30 minutes and then proceeded without the second plane toward the target area.

``During the approach to the target the special instruments installed in the plane told us that the bomb was ready to function. We were prepared to drop the second atomic bomb on Japan. But fate was against us, for the target was completely obscured by smoke and haze. Three times we attempted bombing runs, but without success. Then with anti-aircraft fire bursting around us and with a number of enemy fighters coming up after us, we headed for our secondary target, Nagasaki.

``The bomb burst with a blinding flash and a huge column of black smoke swirled up toward us. Out of this column of smoke there boiled a great swirling mushroom of gray smoke, luminous with red, flashing flame, that reached to 40,000 feet in less than 8 minutes. Below through the clouds we could see the pall of black smoke ringed with fire that covered what had been the industrial area of Nagasaki.

``By this time our fuel supply was dangerously low, so after one quick circle of Nagasaki, we headed direct for Okinawa for an emergency landing and refueling''.

References:

THE ATOMIC BOMBINGS OF HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI by The Manhattan Engineer District, 1946. (Available online)

Modified from the Wikipedia article available at:

http://www.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Nagasaki

Nagasaki City

The capital of Nagasaki Prefecture.

The second city in Japan to be destroyed by an atomic bomb. This was on 9 August 1945.

Nagasaki is a city at the south-western coast of Japan. Founded before 1500, it was originally a secluded harbor village with little historical significance until contact with European explorers in the mid-16th century, when a Portuguese ship accidentally landed at Kagoshima Prefecture in 1542. The zealous Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier arrived in another part of the territory in 1549, but although he left for China in 1551 and died soon after departure his followers who remained behind converted a number of daimyo (warlords). The most notable among them was Omura Sumitada, who derived great profit from his conversion through an accompanying deal to receive a portion of the trade from Portuguese ships at a port they established in Nagasaki in 1571 with his assistance.

The little harbor village quickly grew into a diverse port city, and Portuguese products imported through Nagasaki (such as tobacco, bread, tempura, sponge-cake, and new clothing styles) were assimilated into popular Japanese culture. The Portuguese also brought with them many goods of Chinese origin.

In 1587 Nagasaki's prosperity was threatened when Hideyoshi Toyotomi came to power. Concerned with the large Christian influence in southern Japan, he ordered the expulsion of all missionaries. Omura had given the Jesuits partial administrative control of Nagasaki, and the city now returned to imperial control. Japanese and foreign Christians were persecuted, with Hideyoshi crucifying 26 Christians in Nagasaki in 1596 to deter any attempt to usurp his power. Portuguese traders were not ostracized, however, and so the city continued to thrive.

When Tokugawa Ieyasu took power almost twenty years later conditions did not much improve. Christianity was banned outright in 1614 and all missionaries were deported, as well as daimyo who would not renounce the religion. A brutal campaign of persecution followed, with thousands across Nagasaki and other parts of Japan killed or tortured.

The Christians did put up some initial resistance, with the Nagasaki Shimabara enclave of destitute Christians and local peasants rising in rebellion in 1637. Ultimately numbering 40,000, they captured Hara Castle and humiliated the local daimyo. The shogun dispatched 120,000 soldiers to quash the uprising, thus ending Japan's brief 'Christian Century.' Christians still remained, of course, but all went into hiding, still the victims of occasional inquisitions.

The Dutch had been quietly making inroads into Japan during this time, despite the shogunate's official policy of ending foreign influence within the country. The Dutch demonstrated that they were interested in trading alone, and demonstrated their commitment during the Shimabara rebellion by firing on the Christians in support of the shogun. In 1641 they were granted Dejima, an artificial island in Nagasaki Bay, as a base of operations. From this date until 1855, Japan's contact with the outside world was limited to Nagasaki. In 1720 the ban on Dutch books was lifted, causing hundreds of scholars to flood into Nagasaki to study European science and art.

After US Commodore Matthew Perry landed in 1853 and the shogunate crumbled shortly afterward, Japan opened its doors again. Nagasaki became a free port in 1859 and modernization began in earnest in 1868. With the Meiji Restoration, Nagasaki quickly began to assume some economic dominance. Its main industry was ship building.

This very industry would eventually make it a target in World War II. At 11:02 am on August 9 1945, the American B-29 Superfortress “Bock's Car,” in search of the shipyards, instead spotting the Mitsubishi Arms Works through a break in the clouds. It dropped the “Fat Man” nuclear bomb on this target, the second nuclear bomb to be detonated over Japan. 75,000 of Nagasaki's 240,000 residents were killed, followed by the death of at least as many from resulting sickness and injury.

The city rebuilt after the war, albeit dramatically changed, as any city would be after such colossal damage. New temples were built, and new churches as well, since the Christian presence never died out and even increased dramatically in numbers after the war. Some of the rubble was left as a memorial, like the one-legged torii gate and a stone arch near ground zero. New structures were also raised as memorials, such as the Atomic Bomb Museum. But Nagasaki also remains first and foremost a port city, supporting a rich shipping industry and setting a strong example of perseverance and peace.

Modified from the Wikipedia article available at:

http://www.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Nagasaki

see also:

Hiroshima, Bombing of&pg XXX

Nagasaki, Bombing of&pg XXX

Hiroshima City&pg XXX

Nagasaki Prefecture

Area: 4091 km2 (1995)

Capital: Nagasaki

Population: 1,550,000 (1996)

Nagashima, Seige of (1571)

Took place in 1571.

Nagashima was a fortress controlled by the Ikkō-ikki. Actually, it was a whole series of fortresses and defensive works. Nobunaga attacked three times over the course of four years, before finally destroying Nagashima itself.

Oda's forces attacked across a river. Unfortunately, the samurai's horses got stuck in the mud. The samurai that managed to drag themselves to shore --- while being fired on --- were drowned when the defenders opened a dike and flooded the area. It was a total disaster for Nobunaga.

see also:

Oda Nobunaga (pg. X),

Ikkō-ikki (pg. X),

Nagashima, Second Seige of (pg. X),

Nagashima, Third Seige of (pg. X),

Nagashima, Seige of (1573)

Took place in 1573.

Nobunaga's run of ill-luck with the Ikkō-ikki continued when a rainstorm hit just as he was about to open the battle with his arquebuses. The rain rendered them useless and left his men in a weak defensive position. The Ikkō-ikki troops immediately counter-attacked. Their arquebuses were covered during the storm and they started using them as soon as the rain let up. The Ikkō-ikki troops came close to killing Nobunaga. He retreated.

see also:

Oda Nobunaga (pg. X),

Ikkō-ikki (pg. X),

Nagashima, First Seige of (pg. X),

Nagashima, Third Seige of (pg. X),

Nagashima, Seige of (1574)

Fate was kinder to Oda Nobunaga on his third attempt to reduce the fortress at Nagashima.

While a fleet of ships lead by Kuki Yoshitaka blockaded and bombarded the area, Oda took the outer forts. Eventually, the defenders were forced back, into the castles of Ganshōji and Nagashima. There were about 20,000 of them and they were now completely cut off. As their situation worsened, it became more and more pointless for Oda's enemies to try to help them, and the defenders found themselves without anyone willing to try to help them.

Oda's men built a wooden wall from one outer fort to another, cutting the Ikkō-ikki off from the outside and preventing them from seeing what was coming. Nobunaga had wood piled against the wall and lit of fire. The fire spread to Ganshōji and Nagashima. All 20,000 of the defenders were killed.

see also:

Oda Nobunaga (pg. X),

Ikkō-ikki (pg. X),

Nagashima, First Seige of (pg. X),

Nagashima, Second Seige of (pg. X),

Kuki Yoshitaka (pg. X),

Nagashima Shigeo

Baseball player and later the manager of the Tokyo Giants. He retired at the end of the 2001 season.

Nagashino, Battle of

1573, Nagashino in Mikawa

Takeda Katsuyori beseiged Okudaira Nobumasa at Nagashino Castle in 1573. Nobumasa was holding the castle for Tokugawa Ieyasu. Both Ieyasu and Oda Nobunaga sent troops and Katsuyori was defeated.

Nagashino Castle

Castle in Mikawa Province. Originally the home of the Suganuma family, Tokugawa Ieyasu took the castle in 1573. Later that year, Tokugawa and Oda forces combined to defeat Takeda Katsuyori when besieged Nagashino Castle.

Nagato Province

A province at the extreme western end of Honshū, in the area that is today Yamaguchi Prefecture. Nagato bordered on Iwami and Suō Provinces.

see also:

Honshū (pg. X),

Iwami Province (pg. X),

Suō Province (pg. X),

Yamaguchi Prefecture (pg. X),

Nagoya Castle

Shiba Yoshimune built the original castle around 1525. Oda Nobuhide took it from Imagawa Ujitoyo in 1532, but later abandoned it.

In 1610 Ieyasu ordered the various daimyō to help with the building of a new castle on the site.

Nagoya City (Aichi Prefecture)

The capital city of Aichi Prefecture (pg XXX).

Nagoya City (Nagasaki Prefecture)

A city in Nagasaki Prefecture. Toyotomi Hideyoshi directed the invasion of Korea from Nagoya, at that time a part of Hizen province.

Naha City

The capital city of Okinawa Prefecture (pg XXX).

Nairan

Old government position which translates as `Inspector of Imperial Documents.'

Naitō Family (Mikawa)

Descended from Fujiwara Hidesato (pg. X).

Naitō Family (Tamba)

Genzaemon $\rightarrow$ Yukiyasu

Naitō Genzaemon

Father of Naitō Yukiyasu.

Served Oda Nobunaga. Was given Kameyama (200,000 koku) in Tamba.

Naitō Masanaga

Lived 1568 to 1634.

Naitō Nobunari

Lived 1545 to 1612.

Naitō Tadakatsu

Died 1680.

Naitō Yukiyasu

Died 1626.

Baptised in 1564. Was banished to Manila in 1614.

Nakae Chomin

aka Nakae Tokusuke.

Lived 1847 to 1901.

Philosopher. Studied in France from 1871 to 1874. Translated some of the writings of J.J. Rousseau into Japanese.

Nakagawa Family

Daimyō family descended from Minamoto Yorimitsu (pg. X).

Nakagawa Hidemasa

Eldest son of Nakagawa Kiyohide.

Died fighting in Korea.

Nakagawa Hidenari

Lived 1570 to 1612.

Nakagawa Kiyohide

Lived 1542 to 1583.

Nakahashi Tokugorō

Lived

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Hara	Education	29 Sep 1918	13 Nov 1921
Takahashi	Education	13 Nov 1921	12 June 1922
Tanaka G.	Commerce & Industry	20 Apr 1927	02 July 1929
Inukai (Check dates)	Home Affairs	13 Dec 1931	16 Mar 1932

Table 81Cabinet Positions Held by Nakahashi Tokugorō

Nakajima Chikuhei

Lived

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Konoe	Railways	04 June 1937	05 Jan 1939
Higashikuni	Munitions	17 Aug 1945	26 Aug 1945
Higashikuni	Commerce & Industry	26 Aug 1945	09 Oct 1945

Table 82Cabinet Positions Held by Nakajima Chikuhei

Nakamigawa Hikojiro

Lived 1854 to 1901.

Nakamikado-tennō

The 114th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 1710 to 1735.

Nakamura Masanao

aka Nakamura Keiu.

Lived 1832 to 1891.

Nakano Seigo

Lived 1886 to 1943.

Nakasone Yasuhiro

Prime Minister from 26 November 1982 to 27 December 1983, 27 December 1983 to 22 July 1986, and 22 July 1986 to 6 November 1987. Replaced by Takeshita Noboru (pg XXX).

Nakayama Miki

Lived 1798 to 1887.

Namamugi Incident

Nanao, Battle of

Nara City

The capital city of Nara Prefecture.

Narahashi Wataru

Lived

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Shidehara	Chief of Legislative Bureau	09 Oct 1945	13 Jan 1946
Shidehara	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	13 Jan 1946	22 May 1946
Shidehara	State	26 Feb 1946	22 May 1946

Table 83Cabinet Positions Held by Narahashi Wataru

Nara Prefecture

Area: 3,691 km2 (1995)

Capital: Nara

Population: 1,440,000 (1996)

Narinaga

Lived 1325 to 1338.

The 11th and last Kamakura Shōgun.

Ruled 1334 to 1338.

Son of the Emperor Godaigo.

Deposed and killed, along with his brother, Tsunenaga, in 1338.

see also:

Godaigo-tennō (pg. X), Kamakura Shōgunate (pg. X),

Natsume Soseki

aka Natsume Kinnosuke.

Lived 1867 to 1916.

Nengō

Japanese: 年号

A calendar system used in Japan to count years.

Like similar systems in East Asia, the era name system was originally derived from Chinese Imperial practice, although the Japanese system is independent from the Chinese or Korean calendar systems. Unlike other similar systems, the Japanese era name is still in use. Government offices usually require era names and years for official papers.

Sometimes an era name is expressed with the first letter of the romanized name. For example, S55 means Showa 55 years. With 64 years, Showa is the longest era.

Modern Era Names

With the modernization of Japan after the ascension of the Meiji Emperor and now under current Japanese law since 1979, it has become practice to change era names only upon occasion of imperial succession. Also, the deceased emperor will thereafter be referred to as his corresponding era name posthumously. Under current law, only males can assume the throne.

In the Japanese language, the current emperor on the throne is almost always referred to as Tennō Heika (天皇陛下, His Majesty the Emperor) or rarely and less formally as Kinjō Tennō (今上天皇, current emperor) and even more rarely, if ever by his name Akihito. To call the current emperor by the current era name Heisei even in English would be a faux pas as it is and will be his posthumous name.

In modern practice, the first year of a reign (元年 gannen) starts immediately upon the emperor's ascension to the throne, but always ends on December 31st. Subsequent years follow the Western calendar. Consequently, 1989 is known as both “Showa 64” and “Heisei 1”, although technically Showa 64 ended on January 7th with Hirohito's death.

Historic Era Names

Historically however, prior to the Meiji Restoration, era names were changed on many different occasions such as celebration, major political incidents, natural disasters, and so on, but the emperors posthumous name never took the name of an era. Incidentally, on modern official papers, those who were born prior to the Meiji era did not write the era name in which they born, but wrote Edo period (though now no one born over 130 years ago in that time period is still alive now).

Modified from the Wikipedia article available at (DOUBLE CHECK):

http://www.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Japanese_Era_Names

See Also

Chronological List of Nengō (pg 325)

New Structure Movement

Nichiren

Lived 1222 to 1282

The founder of a sect of Buddhism.

Nichirō-Sensō

See Russo-Japanese War on page XXX.

Niigata City

The capital of Niigata Prefecture.

Niigata Prefecture

Area: 12,582 km2 (1995)

Capital: Niigata

Population: 2,490,000 (1996)

Niijima Jo

Lived 1843 to 1890.

Nijō-tennō

The 78th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 1158 to 1165.

Father of Rokujō-tennō (pg. X).

Nimmyō-tennō

The 54th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 833 to 850.

Nimpei

Nengō: 1151--1153.

aka Nimpyō.

Nine-Powers Treaty

Treaty negotiated by France, Great Britain, Japan, and the United States (and the other four were??) at the Washington Naval Conference of 1921-1922.

The Nine-Powers Treaty confirmed the “Open Door” policy in China.

See Also

Washington Naval Conference (pg 304)

Ninji

Nengō: 1240--1242.

Ninju

Nengō: 851--853.

Ninken-tennō

The 24th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 488 to 498.

Ninkō-tennō

The 120th emperor of Japan.

Lived 21 Feb 1800 to 26 Jan 1846.

Reigned 22 March 1817 to 26 Jan 1846.

Ninnan

aka Nin'an.

Nengō: 1166--1168.

Ninna

aka Ninwa.

Nengō: 885--888.

Ninomiya Sontoku

Lived 1787 to 1856

Nintoku-tennō

The 16th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 313 to 399.

Nishi Amane

Lived 1829 to 1897.

Nishida Kitaro

Lived 1870 to 1945.

Nishida Mitsugu

aka Nishida Zei

aka Nishida Chikara

Lived 1901 to 1937

Nishihara Loans

Nishimura Shigeki

Lived 1828 to 1902.

Nishio Suehiro

Born 1891.

Cabinet Positions Held by Nishio Suehiro

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Katayama	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	01 June 1947	10 Mar 1948
Katayama	State: Without Portfolio	01 June 1947	10 Mar 1948
Ashida	State: Without Portfolio	10 Mar 1948	06 July 1948

Table 84Cabinet Positions Held by Nishio Suehiro

Nisshin-Sensō

See Sino-Japanese War on page XXX.

Nitobe Inazo

Lived 1862 to 1933.

Nitta Family

Daimyō family descended from Minamoto Yoshishige and native to Nitta in Kōzuke Province.

Noda Castle

In Mikawa, originally controlled by the Suganuma family.

The castle was beseiged in 1573 by the forces of Takeda Shingen. It was at that seige that Shingen was mortally wounded by a sniper's bullet.

Noda, Seige of

Took place in 1573.

Takeda Shingen (pg XXX) laid seige to the castle (controlled by ?). Shingen was hit by a sniper's bullet and died (how much?) later. His army withdrew but his death was kept secret for two years.

Noda Uichi

Lived

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
3rd Yoshida	Construction		
3rd Yoshida	State: Director Administrative Management Agency		
??	State: Director Reparations Agency		

Table 85Cabinet Positions Held by Noda Uichi

Noda Utarō

Lived

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Hara	Communications	29 Sep 1918	13 Nov 1921
Takahashi	Communications	13 Nov 1921	12 June 1922
1st Katō Takaaki	Commerce & Industry	17 Apr 1925	02 Aug 1925

Table 86Cabinet Positions Held by Noda Utarō

Nogi Maresuke

aka Nogi Kiten?

Lived 11 Nov. 1849 to 13 Sept. 1912.

Samurai from Chōshū. Sided with the anti-Bakufu forces and joined the new Imperial Army after the fall of the Tokugawa Bakufu. Fought in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95 and was in charge of the forces that took Port Arthur in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. In between those wars, from 1896 to 1898, Maresuke served as governor-general of Formosa.

He killed himself to follow his lord – the Emperor Meiji – in death. His (Maresuke's) wife also killed herself as an act of loyalty.

Noma Seiji

Lived 1878 to 1938

Nosaka Sanzo

Born 1892.

Noto Peninsula

aka Noto-hanto (hanto being Japanese for 'half-island' and thus, peninsula in English) A peninsula in Ishikawa Prefecture (pg. X) that juts out into the Sea of Japan.

Noto Province

A province in the area that is today Ishikawa Prefecture. Noto bordered on Etchū and Kaga Provinces.

see also:

Etchū Province (pg. X),

Ishikawa Prefecture (pg. X),

Kaga Province (pg. X),

Noto Peninsula (pg. X),

Numa Morikazu

Lived 1844 to 1890.

Nunobeyama, Battle of

Ōan – Ozu Yasujiro

Ōan

Nengō of the Northern Dynasty: 1368--1374.

Obon

see Bon on page XX.

Obuchi Keizō

Prime Minister from 30 July 1998 to 5 April 2000. Replaced by Mori Yoshiro (pg XXX). Died of a stroke while in office, so the date above might be off by a few days.

Ōchō

Nengō: 1311--1311.

Oda Chikazane

Son of Taira Sukemori.

Took the name Oda from the town in Echizen Province.

Oda Family

Daimyō family descended from Taira Sukemori. Oda Chikazane was the first to take the name `Oda'. Originally served the Shiba family and moved with them from Echizen to Owari.

Oda Hidekatsu

Lived 1567 to 1593.

Oda Hidenobu

Lived 1581 to 1602.

Oda Hideo

aka Oda Hidekatsu.

Lived 1573 to 1610.

Oda Katsunaga

Lived 1568 to 1582.

Oda Nagamasu

Lived 1548 to 1622.

Brother of Oda Nobunaga. Converted to Christianity in 1588.

Father of Nagamasa and Toshimasa.

Accomplished practitioner of the tea ceremony, which he studied under the master, Sen no Rikyū. Nagamasa eventually started his own school of the tea ceremony (and its name is?).

Odani, Seige of

Took place in 1573.

Oda Nobunaga took Odani castle from Asai Nagamasa. Nagamasa committed suicide. This was effectively the end of the Asai family.

see also:

Oda Nobunaga (pg. X),

Asai Nagamasa (pg. X),

Oda Nobuharu

Lived 1549 to 1570.

Oda Nobuhide

Died 1549.

Oda Nobuhiro

Died 1574.

Oda Nobukane

Lived 1548 to 1614.

Oda Nobunaga

Lived 1534 to 1582.

Oda Nobuo

Lived 1558 to 1630.

Oda Nobutada

Lived 1557 to 1582.

Oda Nobutaka

Lived 1558 to 1583

Oda Nobuyuki

Died 1557.

Oda Nobuzumi

Lived 1555 to 1583.

Ōei

Nengō: 1394--1427.

Ogasawara Nagatada

Ogata Kōan

Lived 1810 to 1863.

Ogata Taketora

Lived 1888 to 1956.

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Koiso	State	22 July 1944	07 Apr 1945
Higashikuni	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	17 Aug 1945	09 Oct 1945
Higashikuni	State	17 Aug 1945	09 Oct 1945

Table 87Cabinet Positions Held by Ogata Taketora

Oga Yashiro

A traitor who offered to let Takeda Katsuyori into the Tokugawa-controlled castle at Okazaki.

Ōgimachi-tennō

The 106th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 1557 to 1586.

Ogyū Sorai

Lived 16 Feb. 1666 to 19 Jan. 1728.

A Confucianist of the kogaku school.

Ohara Magosaburō

Lived 28 July 1880 to 18 Jan. 1943.

Native of Okayama.

A businessman and philanthropist.

Ohara Naoshi

Lived

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Okada	Justice	08 July 1934	09 Mar 1936
Abe	Home Affairs	30 Aug 1939	16 Jan 1940
Abe	Welfare	30 Aug 1939	29 Nov 1939

Table 88Cabinet Positions Held by Ohara Naoshi

Ōhiko

A son of Kōgen-tennō (pg 160).

Ōhira Masayoshi

Lived 1910 to 1980.

Prime Minister from 7 December 1978 to 9 November 1979 and 9 November 1979 to 18 July 1980.

Ōhō

Nengō: 1161--1162.

Oi Kentaro

Lived 1843 to 1922.

Oishi Yoshi

aka Oishi Kuranosuke.

Lived 1659 to 1703.

Ōita City

The capital city of Ōita Prefecture.

Ōita Prefecture

Area: 6,337 km2 (1995)

Capital: Ōita

Population: 1,240,000 (1996)

Ōjin-tennō

The 15th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 270 to 310.

Okabe Naganori

Okada Keisuke

Lived 21 Jan 1868 to 17 Oct 1952

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Tanaka G.	Navy	20 Apr 1927	02 July 1929
Saitō	Navy	26 May 1932	Jan 09 1933
Okada	Colonization	08 July 1934	25 Oct 1934
Okada	Prime Minister	08 July 1934	09 Mar 1936
Okada	Communications	Sep 09 1935	12 Sep 1935

Table 89Cabinet Positions Held by Okada Keisuke

Cabinet

Name	Position	From	To
Okada Keisuke	Prime Minister	8 July 1934	9 Mar 1936
Yamazaki Tatsunosuke	Agriculture and Forestry	8 July 1934	9 Mar 1936
Kawada Isao	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	8 July 1934	20 Oct 1934
Yoshida Shigeru	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	20 Oct 1934	11 May 1935
Shirane Takesuke	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	11 May 1935	9 Mar 1936
Kanamori Tokujirō	Chief of Legislative Bureau	8 July 1934	11 Jan 1936
Ōhashi Hachirō	Chief of Legislative Bureau	11 Jan 1936	9 Mar 1936
Okada Keisuke	Colonization	8 July 1934	25 Oct 1934
Kodama Hideo	Colonization	25 Oct 1934	9 Mar 1936
Machida Chūji	Commerce and Industry	8 July 1934	9 Mar 1936
Tokonami Takejirō	Communications	8 July 1934	8 Sep 1935
Okada Keisuke	Communications	9 Sep 1935	12 Sep 1935
Mochizuke Keisuke	Communications	12 Sep 1935	9 Mar 1936
Matsuda Genji	Education	8 July 1934	1 Feb 1936
Kawasaki Takukichi	Education	2 Feb 1936	9 Mar 1936
Fujii Sanenobu	Finance	8 July 1934	26 Nov 1934
Machida Chūji	Finance	27 Feb 1936	9 Mar 1936
Takahashi Korekiyo	Finance	27 Nov 1934	26 Feb 1936
Hirota Kōki	Foreign Affairs	8 July 1934	9 Mar 1936
Gotō Fumio	Home Affairs	8 July 1934	9 Mar 1936
Ohara Naoshi	Justice	8 July 1934	9 Mar 1936
Ōsumi Mineo	Navy	8 July 1934	9 Mar 1936
Uchida Kōsai	Railways	8 July 1934	9 Mar 1936
Hayashi Senjūrō	War	8 July 1934	5 Sep 1935
Kawashima Yoshiyuki	War	5 Sep 1935	9 Mar 1936

Table 90Okada Keisuke's Cabinet

Okada Ryōhei

Lived

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Terauchi	Education	09 Oct 1916	29 Sep 1918
1st Katō Takaaki	Education	11 June 1924	02 Aug 1925
2nd Katō Takaaki	Education	02 Aug 1925	30 Jan 1926
1st Wakatsuki	Education	30 Jan 1926	20 Apr 1927

Table 91Cabinet Positions Held by Okada Ryōhei

Okakura Tenshin

aka Okakura Kakuzo

Lived 1862 to 1913

Okano Keijirō

Lived

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Saionji	Chief of Legislative Bureau	07 Jan 1906	14 July 1908
2nd Saionji	Chief of Legislative Bureau	30 Aug 1911	21 Dec 1912
1st Yamamoto	Chief of Legislative Bureau	20 Feb 1913	20 Sep 1913
Katō Tomosaburō	Justice	12 June 1922	02 Sep 1923
2nd Yamamoto	Education	Sep 06 1923	07 Jan 1924
2nd Yamamoto	Agriculture & Commerce	24 Dec 1923	07 Jan 1924

Table 92Cabinet Positions Held by Okano Keijirō

Okawa Shumei

Lived 1886 to 1957.

Okayama City

The capital of Okayama Prefecture.

Okayama Prefecture

Area: 7,111 km2 (1995)

Capital: Okayama

Population: 1,950,000 (1996)

Okazaki Castle

In Mikawa. Built in the 1400s. Tokugawa Ieyasu was born there in 1542.

Okehazama, Battle of

Took place in 1560.

Oda Nobunaga defeated Imagawa Yoshimoto. Nobunaga launched a surprise attack on Yoshimoto. Thanks in part to a sudden rainstorm, the attack was a complete success. Yoshimoto and many of his top officers were killed.

see also:

Oda Nobunaga (pg. X),

Imagawa Yoshimoto (pg. X),

Ōki Enkichi

Lived

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Hara	Justice	15 May 1920	13 Nov 1921
Takahashi	Justice	13 Nov 1921	12 June 1922
Katō Tomosaburō	Railways	12 June 1922	02 Sep 1923

Table 93Cabinet Positions Held by Ōki Enkichi

Okinawa, Battle of

Okinawa Prefecture

Area: 2,266 km2 (1995)

Capital: Naha

Population: 1,290,000 (1996)

Okinawa consists of more than 50 islands of the Ryūkū chain. The islands were a semi-independent kingdom for much of their recorded history and officially became a part of Japan only in 1920.

The islands are strategically located off the southwest of the main island of Kyūshū.

The island of Okinawa (the main island of the prefecture) was the scene of an important battle in World War Two.

Okinawate, Battle of

Oki Province

A group of islands off the coast of Izumo and Hōki Provinces (today Shimane and Tottori Prefectures). Today the islands are part of Shimane Prefecture.

see also:

Hōki Province (pg. X), Izumo Province (pg. X), Shimane Prefecture (pg. X), Tottori Prefecture (pg. X),

Ōki Takatō

Lived 1832 to 1899.

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Yamagata	Hanretsu	24 Dec 1889	06 May 1891
1st Yamagata	Justice	25 Dec 1890	07 Feb 1891
1st Matsukata	Education	01 June 1891	08 Aug 1892

Table 94Cabinet Positions Held by Ōki Takatō

Ōkōchi Castle

Okubo Toshimichi

Lived 1830 to 1878.

Okudaira Family

From Mikawa. Descended from the Murakami branch of the Minamoto family.

Okudaira Sadamasa

Lived 1555--1615.

The Okudaira family were originally retainers of the Tokugawa, but were forced to join Takeda Shingen. After Shingen died and Katsuyori assumed leadership of the Takeda clan, Okudaira Sadamasa walked his men right out of Tsukude castle and rejoined the Tokugawa. Katsuyori had Sadamasa's wife and brother --- hostages to the Takeda --- crucified for this.

Ieyasu accepted Sadamasa back and entrusted him with the defense of Nagashino castle.

See also:

Nagashino, Battle of (pg. X), Nagashino Castle (pg. X), Okudaira Family (pg. X), Takeda Family (pg. X), Takeda Katsuyori (pg. X), Takeda Shingen (pg. X), Tokugawa Family (pg. X), Tokugawa Ieyasu (pg. X),

Okuda Yoshindo

Lived

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
4th Itō	Chief of Legislative Bureau	19 Oct 1900	02 June 1901
1st Katsura	Chief of Legislative Bureau	02 June 1901	26 Sep 1902
1st Yamamoto	Education	20 Feb 1913	06 Mar 1914
1st Yamamoto	Justice	11 Nov 1913	16 Apr 1914

Table 95Cabinet Positions Held by Okuda Yoshindo

Okuma Kihachiro

Lived 1837 to 1928

Ōkuma Shigenobu

Lived 16 Feb 1838 to 10 Jan 1922.

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Itō	Foreign Affairs	1 Feb 1888	30 Apr 1888
Kuroda	Foreign Affairs	30 Apr 1888	24 Dec 1889
2nd Matsukata	Foreign Affairs	22 Sep 1896	6 Nov 1897
2nd Matsukata	Agriculture & Commerce	29 Mar 1897	6 Nov 1897
1st Ōkuma	Prime Minister	30 June 1898	8 Nov 1898
1st Ōkuma	Foreign Affairs	30 June 1898	8 Nov 1898
2nd Ōkuma	Home Affairs	16 April 1914	7 Jan 1915
2nd Ōkuma	Prime Minister	16 April 1914	9 Oct 1916
2nd Ōkuma	Home Affairs	30 July 1915	10 Aug 1915
2nd Ōkuma	Foreign Affairs	10 Aug 1915	13 Oct 1915

Table 96Cabinet Positions Held by Ōkuma Shigenobu

First Cabinet

Name	Position	From	To
Ōkuma Shigenobu	Prime Minister	30 June 1898	8 Nov 1898
Ōishi Masami	Agriculture & Commerce	30 June 1898	8 Nov 1898
Taketomi Tokitoshi	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	30 June 1898	8 Nov 1898
Kōmuchi Tomotsune	Chief of Legislative Bureau	30 June 1898	8 Nov 1898
Hayashi Yuuzō	Communications	30 June 1898	8 Nov 1898
Ozaki Yukio	Education	30 June 1898	27 Oct 1898
Matsuda Masahisa	Finance	30 June 1898	8 Nov 1898
Ōkuma Shigenobu	Foreign Affairs	30 June 1898	8 Nov 1898
Itagaki Taisuke	Home Affairs	30 June 1898	8 Nov 1898
Daitō Gitetsu	Justice	30 June 1898	8 Nov 1898
Saigō Tsugumichi	Navy	30 June 1898	8 Nov 1898
Katsura Tarō	War	30 June 1898	8 Nov 1898

Table 97Ōkuma Shigenobu's First Cabinet

Ōkuma Shigenobu's Second Cabinet

Name	Position	From	To
Ōkuma Shigenobu	Prime Minister	16 April 1914	9 Oct 1916
Ōura Kanetake	Agriculture & Commerce	16 April 1914	7 Jan 1915
Oka Ichinosuke	Army	16 April 1914	30 Mar 1916
Egi Tasuku	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	16 April 1914	9 Oct 1916
Takahashi Sakue	Chief of Legislative Bureau	16 April 1914	9 Oct 1916
Taketomi Tokitoshi	Communications	16 April 1914	10 Aug 1915
Ichiki Kitokurō	Education	16 April 1914	10 Aug 1915
Wakatsuki Reijirō	Finance	16 April 1914	10 Aug 1915
Katō Takaaki	Foreign Affairs	16 April 1914	10 Aug 1915
Ōkuma Shigenobu	Home Affairs	16 April 1914	7 Jan 1915
Ozaki Yukio	Justice	16 April 1914	9 Oct 1916
Yasuhiro Rokurō	Navy	16 April 1914	10 Aug 1915

Table 98Ōkuma Shigenobu's Second Cabinet

Ōmi Province

A province in the area that is today Shiga Prefecture. Ōmi bordered on Echizen, Ise, Mino, Tamba (just barely), Wakasa, and Yamashiro Provinces.

Domains

Ōtsu (60,000 koku): Kyōgoku Takatsugu received from Toyotomi

Hideyoshi (what year?).

See Also

Echizen Province (pg. X), Ise Province (pg. X), Kyōgoku Takatsugu (pg. X), Mino Province (pg. X), Shiga Prefecture (pg. X), Tamba Province (pg. X), Toyotomi Hideyoshi (pg. X), Wakasa Province (pg. X), Yamashiro Province (pg. X),

Omote-kōke

Omura Masajiro

Lived 1824 to 1869.

Ōnin

Nengō: 1467--1468.

Ōnin War

Ōnin no ran in Japanese.

Ono Azusa

Lived 1852 to 1886.

Onogawa

A river in Bungo Province.

Ōsaka Castle

Ōsaka City

The capital of Ōsaka Prefecture.

Ōsaka Prefecture

A fu and not a ken.

Area: 1,892 km2 (1995)

Capital: Ōsaka

Population: 8,590,000 (1996)

Ōsaka, Seige of

Lasted 1614--1615.

Toyotomi Hideyori was in Ōsaka Castle with 113,000. Outside, the Tokugawa army numbered about 194,000 men. They fought several battles, starting with one in 1614 at the mouth of the Kizugawa, and ending when Hideyori's forces attacked those of the Tokugawa at the Battle of Tennōji, in 1615.

see also:

Toyotomi Hideyori (pg. X),

Ōsaka Castle (pg. X),

Tokugawa Ieyasu (pg. X),

Kizugawa, Battle of (pg. X),

Tennōji, Battle of (pg. X),

Ōsawa Family

Ōsugi Sakae

Lived 1885 to 1923.

Anarchist. Killed after the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923.

Had a relationship with Itō Noe.

See Also

Anarchism (pg. 24)

Great Kanto Earthquake (pg. 98), Itō Noe (pg. 132),

Ōsumi Province

A province in the area that is today Kagoshima Prefecture. Ōsumi bordered on Hyūga and Satsuma Provinces.

see also:

Hyūga Province (pg. X), Kagoshima Prefecture (pg. X), Satsuma Province (pg. X)

Ōtoku

Nengō: 1084--1086.

Ōtomo Family

Otsu City

The capital of Shiga Prefecture (pg XX).

Ōtsu, Seige of

Took place in 1600.

Kyōgoku Takatsugu defended Ōtsu castle for the Tokugawa. Tachibana Muneshige and Tsukushi Hirokado laid seige. The sides negotiated and Takatsugu surrendered. However, in the meantime Tokugawa Ieyasu had won the Battle of Sekigahara and the loss of Ōtsu was insignificant.

See Also

Kyōgoku Takatsugu (pg. X), Tachibana Muneshige (pg. X), Tsukushi Hirokado (pg. X), Tokugawa Ieyasu (pg. X),

Ōuchi Yoshitaka

Ōura Kanetake

Lived

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Katsura	Communications	22 Sep 1903	07 Jan 1906
2nd Katsura	Agriculture & Commerce	14 July 1908	26 Mar 1910
2nd Katsura	Agriculture & Commerce	03 Sep 1910	30 Aug 1911
3rd Katsura	Home Affairs	21 Dec 1912	20 Feb 1913
2nd Ōkuma	Agriculture & Commerce	16 Apr 1914	07 Jan 1915
2nd Ōkuma	Home Affairs	07 Jan 1915	30 July 1915

Table 99Cabinet Positions Held by Ōura Kanetake

Owari Province

A province in the area that is today Aichi Prefecture. Owari bordered on Ise, Mikawa, and Mino Provinces.

See Also

Aichi Prefecture (pg. X), Ise Province (pg. X), Mikawa Province (pg. X), Mino Province (pg. X),

Ōwa

Nengō: 961--963.

Oyama Ikuo

Lived 1880 to 1955.

Ōyama Iwao

Lived 1842 to 1916

Cabinet Positions Held by Ōyama Iwao

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Itō	War	22 Dec 1885	30 Apr 1888
1st Itō	Navy	July 10 1886	July 01 1887
Kurota	War	30 Apr 1888	24 Dec 1889
Kurota	Education	Feb 16 1889	22 Mar 1889
1st Yamagata	War	24 Dec 1889	06 May 1891
1st Matsukata	War	06 May 1891	17 May 1891
2nd Itō	War	08 Aug 1892	09 Oct 1894
2nd Itō	War	26 May 1895	18 Sep 1896
2nd Matsukata	War	18 Sep 1896	20 Sep 1895

Table 100Cabinet Positions Held by Ōyama Iwao

Oyama-jinja

A shrine in Kanazawa, Ishikawa Prefecture. It is famous for its Dutch stained-glass window, which dates back several hundred years.

See Also

Kanazawa City (pg. X), Ishikawa Prefecture (pg. X),

Ozaki Hotsumi

Lived 1901 to 1944.

Ozaki Yukio

Lived 1859 to 1954.

Ozu Yasujiro

Lived 1903 to 1963.

Pacific War – Privy Council

Pacific War

Parkes, Harry

Lived 1828 to 1885.

British Diplomat

Arrived in Japan in 1865. Was friendly toward the Bakufu's rivals and had some influence in the Meiji government as a result. Parkes worked in Japan until 1883, when he was posted to China.

Peace Preservation Law

Pearl Harbor, Bombing of

Occurred 7 Dec. 1941 American time (8 Dec. Japan time).

Perry, Matthew C.

Lived 1794 to 1858. Is credited by Americans and some others with opening Japan to the world and thereby ending the Japanese period of national isolation known as sakoku.

Political Crisis of 1881

Political Parties

Portsmouth Treaty

U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt hosted negotiations between Japan and Russia at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in August 1905. The purpose was to end the Russo-Japanese War, in which Japan was the clear victor but also in no state to continue fighting. Komura Jūtarō and Sergei Witte finished negotiations on 5 September. Japan gained a lot from the treaty, but not nearly as much as the Japanese public had been led to expect. The result at home was the Hibuya riots and the collapse of Katsura Tarō's Cabinet on 7 January 1906.

see also:

Russo-Japanese War (pg. X),

Komura Jūtarō (pg. X),

Witte, Sergei (pg. X),

Katsura Tarō (pg. X),

Hibuya Riots (pg. X),

Prefectures

An administrative division, similar to American states or Canadian provinces. They are called ken in Japanese. There are also a few special administative units similar to ken but given different names: there is one dō (Hokkaidō, pg. XX), one tō (Tōkyō-tō, pg. XX the capital of Japan), and two fu, (Kyoto-fu pg. XX and Ōsaka-fu pg. XX). Collectively the Japanese refer to these as the tō-dō-fu-ken and there are 47 all together.

This encyclopedia treats all four divisions as `prefecture' in English. Thus, Ōsaka-fu is located on page XXX as Ōsaka Prefecture.

There is a complete listing of the prefectures, their area, capital, and population on page XXX.

Privy Council

(Q: No Entries)

Nothing here yet.

Rangaku – Ryūkyū Province

Rangaku

see Dutch Learning on page XXX.

Red Flag Incident

Occurred in 1908.

Reigen-tennō

The 112th emperor of Japan.

Lived 25 May 1654 to 6 Aug 1732

Reigned 26 Jan 1663 to 21 March 1687.

The 19th son of Emperor Gomizunō (pg. X).

Reiki

Nengō: 715--716.

Reischauer, Edwin Oldfather

Lived 15 Oct 1910 to 1 Sep 1990.

Reizei-tennō

The 63rd emperor of Japan.

Lived 25 May 950 to 24 Oct 1011.

Reigned 25 May 967 to 13 Aug 969.

Second son of Emperor Murakami (pg. X).

Rennyo

Lived 25 Feb 1415 to 25 March 1499.

Rensai

See Adachi Morinaga on page XXX.

Richardson, Charles

Died in 1862.

Richū-tennō

The 17th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 400 to 405.

Rikken Doshikai

Rikuchū Province

A province in the area that is today Iwate Prefecture. Rikuchū bordered on Mutsu, Rikuzen, and Ugo Provinces.

see also:

Iwate Prefecture (pg. X),

Mutsu Province (pg. X),

Rikuzen Province (pg. X),

Ugo Province (pg. X),

Rikuzen Province

A province in the area that is today Miyagi Prefecture. Rikuzen bordered on Iwaki, Rikuchū, Ugo, and Uzen Provinces.

see also:

Iwaki Province (pg. X),

Miyagi Prefecture (pg. X),

Rikuchū Province (pg. X),

Ugo Province (pg. X),

Uzen Province (pg. X),

Roches, Leon

Lived 1809 to 1901.

Representative of the French government in Japan from 1864 to 1868.

The French government took the side of the Tokugawa Bakufu and thus was not real popular in Japan after the Meiji Restoration.

Roesler, Karl Friedrich Hermann

Lived 18 Dec. 1834 to 2 Dec. 1894.

Worked in Japan from 1878 to 1893.

Rokkaku Yoshitaka

Died 1581.

Rokujō-tennō

The 79th emperor of Japan.

Lived 14 Nov 1164 to 17 July 1176.

Reigned 25 June 1165 to 19 Feb 1168.

Son of Nijō-tennō (pg. X).

Rono Faction

Root, Elihu

Russo-Japanese War

1904 to 1905.

How did America win a war against the most powerful country on Earth in 1781? The colonists won because Britain, in addition to being far away from the fighting, had global interests and enemies and thus couldn't afford to concentrate her power in any one region for fear of losing another region.

Japan's war with Russia was similar in many ways. It wasn't fought in Japan, but in Korea, much closer to Japan than to the European end of Russia. Also, while Japan was relatively free to throw herself fully into the war, Russia fought with one and a half eyes on Germany, England, and France. Indeed, European neutrality helped Japan by denying Russia access to ports and repair and supply facilities in Asia. Thus Japan's small size and relative weakness were offset by Russia's distance and European entanglements. The Russian bear, big though he was, fought with his claws tied behind his back.

This is not to downplay the skill or determination of the members of the Japanese Army and Navy. Although they made their share of strategic and tactical mistakes, the Army and Navy performed quite professionally in their first war against a European power. Unlike their behavior in World War Two, the Japanese military is generally given credit for fighting in the best tradition of European chivalry.

Right, so what was the war about anyway? It was about who should control Korea. The Japanese have usually viewed Korea as a dagger pointed right at Japan and have thus always preferred, if possible, to be the ones controlling it. For Russia, the issues were linked to the Asian continental situation. Russia wanted to protect its railways and its access to ice-free ports. Vladivostok was Russia's main port in Asia, and although there were great hopes for Port Arthur, there was not time before the war to prepare it. Vladivostok was too far away and too far north to have much influence in China, thus the need for a better port further south.

Additionally, as an up-and-coming power, Japan was no longer given a free ride on the international scene. She had become a member of the balance-of-power club and Russia wanted to extend its own interests in Northeast Asia in order to limit the power of one of England's allies.

The war itself was messy and costly, both in terms of money and lives. The Japanese siege of Port Arthur foreshadowed the sickening death tolls of the First World War (and probably could have been forseen by students of America's Civil War). At home such sacrifice seemed worthwhile only if the payoff was equally large. Newspapers in Japan began speculating on more and more outrageous outcomes for the war, such as taking the Russian Pacific coast including Vladivostok or all the Russian controlled areas north of China. Japanese newspapers speculated in this reckless fashion partly at the behest of the government. This was the ever popular device of channeling domestic discontent into foreign wars and it almost backfired when the Treaty of Portsmouth was signed, ending the war.

Many Japanese were unhappy with the terms because they had no realistic notion of how much the war was costing their country. Even though the Japanese Navy assured a Japanese victory by annihilating the Russian Baltic Fleet at the famous Battle of Tsushima, Russia could theoretically have prolonged the ground war long enough to seriously damage Japan's economy, not to mention kill off large numbers of her young men. Doing so however, would have weakened Russia just as much and unlike Japan, Russia had land borders in Europe to worry about. When President Theodore Roosevelt suggested peace talks, both sides were quite willing to negotiate.

What was the outcome? For the first time in several hundred years, a Western country had been humbled by a non-Western one. Granted, the winner was the most westernized country in Asia and the loser was the least Western of the European powers, the fact remained that a small Asian country had bested a large European one. So what? It demonstrated in living color to the entire world that Western power and hegemony was not due to racial, religious, nor even entirely cultural reasons. Western power was based on science, technology, and advanced political and business methods, and by adopting and applying these methods Japan had shown the world that anyone could achieve the same results as the West.

Ryakunin

Nengō: 1238--1238.

Ryakuō

Nengō: 1338--1341 (nengo of the northern dynasty).

Ryūkyū Province

The Ryūkyū Islands were a semi-independent kingdom, caught between China and Japan. The Chinese government viewed them as a tributary state (and therefore theoretically should come to their aid if necessary). A 1609 expedition (from Kyūshū?) captured the island of Okinawa and from then on, the kings of the Ryūkyūs sent tribute to both China and the Japanese (who? Satsuma?).

In 1879, the Meiji government announced the annexation of the Ryūkyūs. China objected and the ex-President of the United States U.S. Grant was asked to arbitrate. He decided that Japan's claim to the islands was stronger and ruled in Japan's favor.

Today the Ryūkyū islands are collectively Okinawa Prefecture. There are a host of problems arising from the Ryūkyū's less than completely Japanese history. Some people (a small number perhaps) feel that people from Okinawa Prefecture are not “real” Japanese. Also, some natives of the Ryūkyūs claim that the central government is discriminating against them by allowing so many American soldiers to be stationed in Okinawa, a far higher percentage than are stationed anywhere else in Japan.

Many popular singers and musical groups come from Okinawa Prefecture. These include (among many others) singer Amuro Namie and the group Da Pump.

Sado Province – Suzuki Zenkō

Sado Province

An island off the coast of Niigata Prefecture (or in the past, Echigo Province). Today the island is part of Niigata Prefecture.

(Double check, was the island really a separate province or a special region?)

Saga City

The capital of Saga Prefecture.

Sagami Province

A province in the area that is today Kanagawa Prefecture. Sagami bordered on Izu, Kai, Musashi and Suruga Provinces.

see also:

Izu Province (pg. X),

Kai Province (pg. X),

Kanagawa Prefecture (pg. X),

Musashi Province (pg. X),

Suruga Province (pg. X),

Saga Prefecture

Area: 2,439 km2 (1995)

Capital: Saga

Population: 890,000 (1996)

Saga Rebellion

Saga-tennō

The 52nd emperor of Japan.

Reigned 809 to 823.

Saicho

Lived 767 to 822.

Saigo Takamori

Lived 1828 to 1877.

Saigō Tsugumichi

Lived 1843 to 1902.

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Itō	Navy	22 Dec 1885	10 July 1886
1st Itō	Navy	01 July 1887	30 Apr 1888
Kurota	Navy	30 Apr 1888	24 Dec 1889
1st Yamagata	Navy	24 Dec 1889	17 May 1890
1st Yamagata	Home Affairs	17 May 1890	06 May 1891
1st Matsukata	Home Affairs	06 May 1891	01 June 1891
2nd Itō	Navy	11 Mar 1893	18 Sep 1896
2nd Itō	War	09 Oct 1894	07 Mar 1895
2nd Itō	War	28 Apr 1895	08 May 1895
2nd Matsukata	Navy	18 Sep 1896	12 Jan 1898
3rd Itō	Navy	12 Jan 1898	30 June 1898
1st Ōkuma	Navy	30 June 1898	08 Nov 1898
2nd Yamagata	Home Affairs	08 Nov 1898	19 Oct 1900

Table 101Cabinet Positions Held by Saigō Tsugumichi

Saikō

Nengō: 854--856.

Saimei-tennō

An empress. The 37th ruler of Japan.

Reigned 655 to 661.

Saionji Kinmochi

Lived 1849 to 1940.

Prime Minister from 7 January 1906 to 14 July 1908 and 30 August 1911 to 1912.

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
2nd Itō	Education	03 Oct 1894	18 Sep 1896
2nd Itō	Foreign Affairs	05 June 1895	03 Apr 1896
2nd Itō	Foreign Affairs	30 May 1896	18 Sep 1896
2nd Matsukata	Education	18 Sep 1896	28 Sep 1896
2nd Matsukata	Foreign Affairs	18 Sep 1896	22 Sep 1896
3rd Itō	Education	12 Jan 1898	30 Apr 1898
4th Itō	Hanretsu	19 Oct 1900	02 June 1901
4th Itō	Finance	May 14 1901	02 June 1901
1st Saionji	Education	07 Jan 1906	27 Mar 1906
1st Saionji	Prime Minister	07 Jan 1906	14 July 1908
1st Saionji	Foreign Affairs	Mar 03 1906	19 May 1906
1st Saionji	Foreign Affairs	30 Aug 1906	18 Sep 1906
2nd Saionji	Prime Minister	30 Aug 1911	21 Dec 1912

Table 102Cabinet Positions Held by Saionji Kinmochi

First Cabinet

Name	Position	From	To
Saionji Kinmochi	Prime Minister	07 Jan 1906	14 July 1908
Matsuoka Yasutake	Agriculture and Commerce	07 Jan 1906	14 July 1908
Ishiwatari Bin'ichi	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	07 Jan 1906	04 Jan 1908
Minami Hiroshi	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	04 Jan 1908	14 July 1908
Okano Keijirō	Chief of Legislative Bureau	07 Jan 1906	14 July 1908
Yamagata Isaburō	Communications	07 Jan 1906	14 Jan 1908
Hara Kei	Communications	14 Jan 1908	25 Mar 1908
Hotta Masayasu	Communications	25 Mar 1908	14 July 1908
Saionji Kinmochi	Education	07 Jan 1906	27 Mar 1906
Makino Nobuaki	Education	27 Mar 1906	14 July 1908
Sakatani Yoshio	Finance	07 Jan 1906	14 Jan 1908
Matsuda Masahisa	Finance	14 Jan 1908	14 July 1908
Katō Takaaki	Foreign Affairs	07 Jan 1906	03 Mar 1906
Saionji Kinmochi	Foreign Affairs	03 Mar 1906	19 May 1906
Hayashi Tadasu	Foreign Affairs	19 May 1906	30 Aug 1906
Saionji Kinmochi	Foreign Affairs	30 Aug 1906	18 Sep 1906
Hayashi Tadasu	Foreign Affairs	18 Sep 1906	14 July 1908
Hara Kei	Home Affairs	07 Jan 1906	14 July 1908
Matsuda Masahisa	Justice	07 Jan 1906	25 Mar 1908
Senke Takatomi	Justice	25 Mar 1908	14 July 1908
Saitō Makoto	Navy	07 Jan 1906	14 July 1908
Terauchi Masatake	War	07 Jan 1906	14 July 1908

Table 103Saionji Kinmochi's First Cabinet

Second Cabinet

Name	Position	From	To
Saionji Kinmochi	Prime Minister	30 Aug 1911	21 Dec 1912
Makino Nobuaki	Agriculture and Commerce	30 Aug 1911	21 Dec 1912
Minami Hiroshi	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	30 Aug 1911	21 Dec 1912
Okano Keijirō	Chief of Legislative Bureau	30 Aug 1911	21 Dec 1912
Hayashi Tadasu	Communications	30 Aug 1911	21 Dec 1912
Haseba Sumitaka	Education	30 Aug 1911	21 Dec 1912
Yamamoto Tatsuo	Finance	30 Aug 1911	21 Dec 1912
Uchida Kōsai	Foreign Affairs	30 Aug 1911	21 Dec 1912
Hara Kei	Home Affairs	30 Aug 1911	21 Dec 1912
Matsuda Masahisa	Justice	30 Aug 1911	21 Dec 1912
Saitō Makoto	Navy	30 Aug 1911	21 Dec 1912
Ishimoto Shinroku	War	30 Aug 1911	02 Apr 1912
Uehara Yuusaku	War	05 Apr 1912	21 Dec 1912

Table 104Saionji Kinmochi's Second Cabinet

Saitama Prefecture

Area: 3,797 km2 (1995)

Capital: Urawa

Population: 6,720,000 (1996)

Saitō Makoto

Lived 1858 to 1936.

Prime Minister from 26 May 1932 to 8 July 1934.

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Saionji	Navy	07 Jan 1906	14 July 1908
2nd Katsura	Navy	14 July 1908	30 Aug 1911
2nd Saionji	Navy	30 Aug 1911	21 Dec 1912
3rd Katsura	Navy	21 Dec 1912	20 Feb 1913
1st Yamamoto	Navy	20 Feb 1913	16 Apr 1914
Saitō	Foreign Affairs	26 May 1932	06 July 1932
Saitō	Prime Minister	26 May 1932	08 July 1934
Saitō	Education	Mar 03 1934	08 July 1934

Table 105Cabinet Positions Held by Saitō Makoto

Cabinet

Name	Position	From	To
Saitō Makoto	Prime Minister	26 May 1932	08 July 1934
Gotō Fumio	Agriculture and Forestry	26 May 1932	08 July 1934
Shibata Zenzaburō	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	26 May 1932	13 Mar 1933
Horikiri Zenjirō	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	13 Mar 1933	08 July 1934
Horikiri Zenjirō	Chief of Legislative Bureau	26 May 1932	13 Mar 1933
Kurosaki Teizō	Chief of Legislative Bureau	13 Mar 1933	08 July 1934
Nagai Ryuutarō	Colonization	26 May 1932	08 July 1934
Nakajima Kumakichi	Commerce and Industry	26 May 1932	09 Feb 1934
Matsumoto Jōji	Commerce and Industry	09 Feb 1934	08 July 1934
Minami Hiroshi	Communications	26 May 1932	08 July 1934
Hatoyama Ichirō	Education	26 May 1932	03 Mar 1934
Saitō Makoto	Education	03 Mar 1934	08 July 1934
Takahashi Korekiyo	Finance	26 May 1932	08 July 1934
Saitō Makoto	Foreign Affairs	26 May 1932	06 July 1932
Uchida Kōsai	Foreign Affairs	06 July 1932	14 Sep 1933
Hirota Kōki	Foreign Affairs	14 Sep 1933	08 July 1934
Yamamoto Tatsuo	Home Affairs	26 May 1932	08 July 1934
Koyama Matsukichi	Justice	26 May 1932	08 July 1934
Okada Keisuke	Navy	26 May 1932	09 Jan 1933
Ōsumi Mineo	Navy	09 Jan 1933	08 July 1934
Mitsuchi Chuuzō	Railways	26 May 1932	08 July 1934
Araki Sadao	War	26 May 1932	23 Jan 1934
Hayashi Senjuurō	War	23 Jan 1934	08 July 1934

Table 106Saitō Makoto's Cabinet

Saitō Takao

Lived 1870 to 1949.

Politician.

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
2nd Wakatsuki	Chief of Legislative Bureau	09 Nov 1931	13 Dec 1931
1st Yoshida	State: Without Portfolio	22 May 1946	28 Nov 1946
1st Yoshida	State: President of Administrative Management Bureau	28 Nov 1946	24 May 1947
Katayama	State: President of Administrative Management Bureau	24 May 1947	10 Mar 1948

Table 107Cabinet Positions Held by Saitō Takao

Saitō Tatsuoki

Lived 1548 to 14 Aug 1573.

Son of Saitō Yoshitatsu.

Lost to Oda Nobunaga in 1564. (where?) Survived, but the Saitō family were no longer players in the Sengoku wars.

Sakai Tadatsugu

Sakai Toshihiko

Lived 1871 to 1933.

Sakamoto, Battle of

Sakamoto Ryoma

Lived 1835 to 1867.

Sakuma Morimasa

Lived 1554 to 1583.

A retainer of Shibata Katsuie. Morimasa beat Nakagawa Kiyohide at the Battle of Shizugatake (1583) but persued his victory too far. His forces were surprised and crushed by reinforcements sent by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Morimasa fled but was captured and beheaded.

The loss was so severe that Shibata Katsuie committed suicide.

(todo: double check all these entries, add details, and make them consistent.)

see also:

Nakagawa Kiyohide (pg. X), Shibata Katsuie (pg. X), Shizugatake, Battle of (pg. X), Toyotomi Hideyoshi (pg. X),

Sakuma Morishige

Sakuma Shōzan

aka Sakuma Zozan (Zōzan?).

Lived 28 Feb. 1811 to 11 July 1864.

Knowledgable on naval and coastal defence issues. Imprisoned by the Tokugawa Bakufu from 1854 to 1862. Advocated opening Japanese ports to foreign traders.

Assassinated for his opinions by some radical anti-foreign samurai.

Sakurakai

Sakuramachi-tennō

The 115th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 1735 to 1747.

Sakurauchi Yukio

Politician.

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
2nd Wakatsuki	Commerce & Industry	14 Apr 1931	13 Dec 1931
Hiranuma	Agriculture & Forestry	05 Jan 1939	30 Aug 1939
Yonai	Finance	16 Jan 1940	22 July 1940

Table 108Cabinet Positions Held by Sakurauchi Yukio

Sanada Masayuki

Lived 1544 (1547?) to 1608 (4 June 1611?).

Son of Sanada Yukitaka.

Originally served the Takeda. Fought against Tokugawa Ieyasu several times. Sided against Ieyasu at the Battle of Sekigahara but had his son, Nobuyuki, fight for Ieyasu. Thus, when the battle went in Ieyasu's favor, Masayuki was saved from death by his son's influence. Instead of death, Masayuki was banished to Kudoyama in Kii Province.

See Also

Kii Province (pg. X), Sanada Nobuyuki (pg. X), Sanada Yukitaka (pg. X), Sekigahara, Battle of (pg. X), Takeda Family (pg. X), Tokugawa Ieyasu (pg. X),

Sanada Nobuyuki

Sanada Yukimura

Lived 1570 (1567?) to 7 May 1615.

Fought against the Tokugawa at the Battle of Sekigahara and again at the Seige of Ōsaka Castle.

Sanada Yukitaka

Sanjo Sanetomi

Lived 1837 to 1891.

Sanjō-tennō

The 67th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 1011 to 1016.

Sano Manabu

Lived 1892 to 1953.

Sano Tsunetami

Lived 1823 to 1902.

Sanuki Province

A province in the area that is today Kagawa Prefecture on Shikoku.

Sanuki bordered on Awa and Iyo Provinces.

see also:

Awa Province (pg. X),

Iyo Province (pg. X),

Kagawa Prefecture (pg. X),

Shikoku (pg. X),

Sapporo City

The capital of Hokkaidō Prefecture (pg XXX).

Sasaki Family

Sasamori Junzō

Politician.

Cabinet Positions Held by Sasamori Junzō

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Katayama	State: President of the Demobilitization Agency	24 May 1947	15 Oct 1947
Katayama	State: Without Portfolio	15 Oct 1947	01 Feb 1948
Katayama	State: President of the Reparations Agency	01 Feb 1948	10 Mar 1948

Table 109Cabinet Positions Held by Sasamori Junzō

Satō Eisaku

Lived 1901 to 1975.

Prime Minister from 9 November 1964 to 17 February 1967, 17 February 1967 to 14 January 1970, and 14 January 1970 to 7 July 1972.

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
2nd Yoshida	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	15 Oct 1948	16 Feb 1949
3rd Yoshida	Posts		
3rd Yoshida	Telecommunications		

Table 110Cabinet Positions Held by Satō Eisaku

First Cabinet

Name	Position	From	To
Satō Eisaku	Prime Minister	9 Nov 1964	17 Feb 1967

Table 111Satō Eisaku's First Cabinet

Second Cabinet

Name	Position	From	To
Satō Eisaku	Prime Minister	9 Nov 1964	17 Feb 1967

Table 112Satō Eisaku's Second Cabinet

Satow, Ernest M.

Lived 30 June 1843 to 26 Aug. 1929.

British Diplomat and author.

Wrote . . .

Satsuma-han

Satsuma Province

A province in the area that is today Kagoshima Prefecture on Kyūshū. Satsuma bordered on Higo, Hyūga, and Ōsumi Provinces.

See Also

Higo Province (pg. X), Hūyuga Province (pg. X), Kagoshima Prefecture (pg. X), Kyūshū (pg. X), Ōsumi Province (pg. X),

Seimu-tennō

The 13th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 131 to 190.

Seinei-tennō

The 22nd emperor of Japan.

Reigned 480 to 484.

Sei Shōnagon

Dates unknown?

Daughter of Kiyowara Motosuke.

Court lady at the time of Emperor Ichijō.

Author of The Pillow Book of Sei Shōnagon, which is Makura no Sōshi in Japanese.

Seitosha

Seiwa-tennō

The 56th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 858 to 876.

Sekigahara, Battle of

1600

Toyotomi Hideyoshi arranged for a council of five of his most powerful retainers to rule Japan until his son was old enough to rule by himself. His hope was that the five daimyo would effectively balance each other and prevent any one of them from taking control. No such luck. The daimyo quickly prepared for war – most of them opting to join an anti-Tokugawa coalition. Tokugawa Ieyasu was the strongest of the daimyo. Apparently he did not actively seek to bring his enemies to battle, but when they threw down the gauntlet, he did not mind a chance to fight.

That chance came at Sekigahara in what is now Gifu Prefecture. Although the battle was close, in the end Tokugawa Ieyasu and his allies won a decisive victory.

Eastern Army		Western Army	
Tokugawa Ieyasu	30,000	Mori Terumoto	NA
Honda Tadakatsu	500	Ishida Mitsunari	4,000
Hosogawa Tadaoki	5,000	Shima Sakon	(1000)
Ii Naomasa	3,600	Gamon Bitchū	(1000)
Matsudaira Tadayoshi	3,000	Akaza Naoyasu	600
Tsutsui Sadatsugu	2,850	Chōsokabe Morichika	6,600
Arima Toyouji	900	Kikkawa Hiroie	3,000
Asano Yukinaga	6,510	Mōri Hidemoto	15,000
Fukushima Masanori	6,000	Ankokuji Ekei	1,800
Ikeda Terumasa	4,560	Kobayakawa Hideaki	15,600
Ikoma Kazumasa	1,830	Konishi Yukinaga	4,000
Kanamori Nagachika	1,140	Kuchiki Mototsuna	600
Kato Yoshiaki	3,000	Natsuka Masaie	1,500
Kuroda Nagamasa	5,400	Ogawa Tsuketada	2,100
Kyōgoku Takatomo	3,000	Ōtani Yoshitsugu	600
Oda Yūraku	450	Ōtani & Kinoshita	3,500
Tanaka Yoshimasa	3,000	Shimazu Yoshihiro	1,500
Terazawa Hirotaka	2,400	Toda & Hiratsuka	1,500
Tōdō Takatora	2,490	Toyotomi Retainers	2,000
Yoshida Shigekatsu	1,200	Ukita Hideie	17,000
		Wakizaka Yasuharo	990
Total:	88,888	Total:	81,890
Source: [bryant_1995], page 25

Table 113East and West Armies at Sekigahara

See Also

Toyotomi Hideyoshi (pg. 296), Ishida Mitsunari (pg. 126), Tokugawa Ieyasu (pg. 289)

Seki Takakazu

Lived 1640 to 1708. (check these)

Sendai City

The capital of Miyagi Prefecture (pg XXX).

Sengoku Mitsugu

Politician.

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Katō Takaaki	Railways	11 June 1924	02 Aug 1925
2nd Katō Takaaki	Railways	02 Aug 1925	30 Jan 1926
1st Wakatsuki	Railways	30 Jan 1926	03 June 1926

Table 114Cabinet Positions Held by Sengoku Mitsugu

Sengoku Period

The Sengoku jidai, known in English as the Sengoku Period or “warring-states” period, starts in 1467 with the Ōnin no ran, (Ōnin War, 1467-1478) and ending in 1568 with the Azuchi period, starting with Oda Nobunaga's entrance into Kyoto.

The end of the Sengoku Warring States period is open to debate. Three other dates given for the end of this period in the History of Japan are:

1. The total unification of Japan in 1590 by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Hideyoshi defeated the later Hojo clan of Sagami province in the conquest and siege of Odawara (Odawara Seibatsu).

2. The victory of Tokugawa Ieyasu over Ishida Mitsunari in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600.

3. The establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1603 by Tokugawa Ieyasu.

The power of the central government, in the form of the Ashikaga Shogunate, had dissipated, and leading families throughout the land took to armed conflict to secure and expand their power. In some areas, monks and peasants affiliated with religious groups (the Ikkō-Ikki) also competed against the martial families.

The absence of real central authority lasted until, by skillful diplomacy and showmanship Toyotomi Hideyoshi was able to largely unify the country. Hideyoshi's success was possible largely because Oda Nobunaga had scared the daimyō into reconsidering their goals by showing them the logical conclusion of “every man for himself''. Thus, when Oda was murdered and Hideyoshi assumed control, the daimyō were not adverse to diplomacy if that help them assure the continuation of their families.

Modified from the Wikipedia article available at:

http://www.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Sengoku_Period

Senka-tennō

The 28th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 535 to 539.

Sen no Rikyu

Lived 1522 to 1591.

Settsu Province

A province in the area that is today Hyōgo Prefecture. Settsu bordered on Harima, Izumi, Kawachi, Tamba, and Yamashiro Provinces.

see also:

Harima Province (pg. X),

Hyōgo Prefecture (pg. X),

Izumi Province (pg. X),

Kawachi Province (pg. X),

Tamba Province (pg. X),

Yamashiro Province (pg. X),

Shakaiminshuto

Shakaitaishuto

Shibata Kamon

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Katsura	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	02 June 1901	07 Jan 1906
2nd Katsura	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	14 July 1908	30 Aug 1911
3rd Katsura	Education	21 Dec 1912	20 Feb 1913

Table 115Cabinet Positions Held by Shibata Kamon

Shibata Katsuie

Lived 1530 to 1583.

His forces, under the leadership of Sakuma Morimasa, beseiged Nakagawa Kiyohide at Shizugatake. Sakuma ignored Shibata's orders and was destroyed by Toyotomi Hideyoshi's forces.

The loss was so severe that Shibata Katsuie committed suicide.

See Also

Nakagawa Kiyohide (pg. X), Toyotomi Hideyoshi (pg. X), Sakuma Morimasa (pg. X), Shizugatake, Battle of (pg. X),

Shibusawa Eiichi

Lived 1841 to 1931.

Shidehara Kijūrō

Lived 1872 to 1951.

Prime Minister from 9 October 1945 to 22 May 1946.

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Katō Takaaki	Foreign Affairs	11 June 1924	02 Aug 1925
2nd Katō Takaaki	Foreign Affairs	02 Aug 1925	30 Jan 1926
1st Wakatsuki	Foreign Affairs	30 Jan 1926	20 Apr 1927
Hamaguchi	Foreign Affairs	02 July 1929	14 Apr 1931
2nd Wakatsuki	Foreign Affairs	14 Apr 1931	13 Dec 1931
Shidehara	Prime Minister	09 Oct 1945	22 May 1946
Shidehara	First Demobilization	Dec 01 1945	22 May 1946
Shidehara	Second Demobilization	Dec 01 1945	22 May 1946
1st Yoshida	State: Without Portfolio	22 May 1946	June 15 1946
1st Yoshida	State: President of the Demobilitization Agency	June 15 1946	24 May 1947

Table 116Cabinet Positions Held by Shidehara Kijūrō

Cabinet

Name	Position	From	To
Shidehara Kijūrō	Prime Minister	09 Oct 1945	22 May 1946
Matsumura Kenzō	Agriculture and Forestry	09 Oct 1945	13 Jan 1946
Soejima Senpachi	Agriculture and Forestry	13 Jan 1946	22 May 1946
Tsugita Daizaburō	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	09 Oct 1945	13 Jan 1946
Narahashi Wataru	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	13 Jan 1946	22 May 1946
Narahashi Wataru	Chief of Legislative Bureau	09 Oct 1945	13 Jan 1946
Ishiguro Takeshige	Chief of Legislative Bureau	13 Jan 1946	19 Mar 1949
Irie Toshirō	Chief of Legislative Bureau	19 Mar 1949	22 May 1946
Ogasawara Sankurō	Commerce and Industry	09 Oct 1945	22 May 1946
Maeda Tamon	Education	09 Oct 1945	13 Jan 1946
Abe Yoshishige	Education	13 Jan 1946	22 May 1946
Shibusawa Keizō	Finance	09 Oct 1945	22 May 1946
Shidehara Kijūrō	First Demobilization	01 Dec 1945	22 May 1946
Yoshida Shigeru	Foreign Affairs	09 Oct 1945	22 May 1946
Horikiri Zenjirō	Home Affairs	09 Oct 1945	13 Jan 1946
Mitsuchi Chūzō	Home Affairs	13 Jan 1946	22 May 1946
Iwata Chūzō	Justice	09 Oct 1945	22 May 1946
Yonai Mitsumasa	Navy	09 Oct 1945	01 Dec 1945
Shidehara Kijūrō	Second Demobilization	01 Dec 1945	22 May 1946
Matsumoto Jōji	State	09 Oct 1945	22 May 1946
Kobayashi Ichizō	State	30 Oct 1945	09 Mar 1946
Tsugita Daizaburō	State	13 Jan 1946	22 May 1946
Ishiguro Takeshige	State	26 Feb 1946	22 May 1946
Narahashi Wataru	State	26 Feb 1946	22 May 1946
Tanaka Takeo	Transport	09 Oct 1945	13 Jan 1946
Mitsuchi Chūzō	Transport	13 Jan 1946	26 Jan 1946
Murakami Giichi	Transport	26 Jan 1946	22 May 1946
Shimomura Sadamu	War	09 Oct 1945	01 Dec 1945
Ashida Hitoshi	Welfare	09 Oct 1945	22 May 1946

Table 117Shidehara Kijūrō's Cabinet

Shiga Naoya

Shiga Prefecture

Area: 4,017 km2 (1995)

Capital: Ōtsu

Population: 1,280,000 (1996)

Shigemitsu Mamoru

Politician.

Lived 1887 to 1957.

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Tōjō	Foreign Affairs	20 Apr 1943	22 July 1944
Koiso	Foreign Affairs	22 July 1944	07 Apr 1945
Koiso	Greater East Asia	22 July 1944	07 Apr 1945
Higashikuni	Foreign Affairs	17 Aug 1945	17 Sep 1945
Higashikuni	Greater East Asia	17 Aug 1945	26 Aug 1945

Table 118Cabinet Positions Held by Shigemitsu Mamoru

Shijō-tennō

The 87th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 1232 to 1242.

Shikoku

One of the four main islands of Japan, Shikoku is separated from Honshu by the Inland Sea. There are four prefectures on Shikoku: Tokushima (pg XXX), Kagawa (pg XXX), Ehime (pg XXX), and Kōchi (pg XXX).

Shimabara Rebellion

A rebellion in Shimabara. (you have a sense of humour, right?)

Shimada Saburo

Lived 1852 to 1923.

Shimada Toshio

Politician.

Cabinet Positions Held by Shimada Toshio

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Inukai (check dates)	Chief of Legislative Bureau	13 Dec 1931	26 May 1932
Hirota	Agriculture & Forestry	09 Mar 1936	02 Feb 1937
Yonai	Agriculture & Forestry	16 Jan 1940	22 July 1940
Koiso	Agriculture & Commerce	22 July 1944	07 Apr 1945

Table 119Cabinet Positions Held by Shimada Toshio

Shimane Prefecture

Area: 6,707 km2 (1995)

Capital: Matsue

Population: 770,000 (1996)

Shima Province

A province in the area that is today Mie Prefecture. Shima bordered on Kii Province. It was the smallest of the provinces.

see also:

Kii Province (pg. X), Mie Prefecture (pg. X),

Shimazaki Tōson

Lived

Shimazu Hisamitsu

Lived 1817 to 1887.

Shimazu Nariakira

Lived 1809 to 1858.

Shimazu Takahisa

Shimonoseki, Bombardment of

In reprisal for Chōshū attacks on foreign ships, naval forces from four countries (the U.S., Great Britain, Holland, and France) attacked forts in Chōshū. They also landed forces to complete the destruction of the forts. Chōshū quickly made peace.

(dates?)

see also:

Chōshū-han (pg. X),

Shimōsa Province

A province in the area that is today Chiba Prefecture. Shimōsa bordered on Hitachi, Kazusa, Kōzuke, Musashi, and Shimotsuke Provinces.

see also:

Chiba Prefecture (pg. X), Hitachi Province (pg. X), Kazusa Province (pg. X), Kōzuke Province (pg. X), Musashi Province (pg. X), Shimotsuke Province (pg. X)

Shimotsuke Province

A province in the area that is today Tochigi Prefecture. Shimotsuke bordered on Hitachi, Iwaki, Iwashiro, Kōzuke, Musashi, and Shimōsa Provinces.

see also:

Hitachi Province (pg. X), Iwaki Province (pg. X), Iwashiro Province (pg. X), Kōzuke Province (pg. X), Musashi Province (pg. X), Shimōsa Province (pg. X), Tochigi Province (pg. X),

Shimoyama Sadanori

Died 1949.

Shimpeitai Incident

Shimura Goto

Shinagawa Yajiro

Lived 1843 to 1900.

Shinano Province

A province in the area that is today Nagano Prefecture. Shinano bordered on Echigo, Etchū, Hida, Kai, Kōzuke, Mikawa, Mino, Musashi, Suruga, and Tōtōmi Provinces.

see also:

Echigo Province (pg. X), Etchū Province (pg. X), Hida Province (pg. X), Kai Province (pg. X), Kōzuke Province (pg. X), Mikawa Province (pg. X), Mino Province (pg. X), Musashi Province (pg. X), Nagano Prefecture (pg. X), Suruga Province (pg. X), Tōtōmi Province (pg. X),

Shinran

Lived 1173 to 1262.

Shintō

Shintō (meaning “Way of the Gods'') is the native religion of Japan. It is not so much concerned with an afterlife as it is with this life. Although that may sound similar to Confucianism, they are in fact very different. Shintō evolved from the animistic, shamanistic ideas and practices of the stone age inhabitants (and later immigrants as well) and stresses the importance of importance of nature and cleanliness. In contrast to the rules, rituals, and concern for propriety which characterize Confucianism, (and Christianity for that matter) Shintō has no well developed theology. It prefers that we just live naturally. Thus, what few rituals there are with life's important events - birth, marriage, harvests, and the such. When Buddhism was introduced into Japan, it managed to coexist religiously, if not always politically, with Shintō because the Japanese saw them as complementing each other rather than competing with one another. Shintō is for this life and Buddhism is for the next. Even today, when many Japanese today are about as religious as many Americans -- that is, not very -- most Japanese get married in Shintō ceremonies and buried (well, cremated) in Buddhist ones.

For the record: like most other people on the planet, the early Japanese believed that there land was created by the gods and that they were therefore special. Like many other societies, their rulers were considered descendants of those same gods - the sun goddess in the case of Japan. Unlike most other societies, however, the Japanese never had to face the spectacle of their semi-divine ruler losing the kingdom to some barbarian horde. Thus, Japan was never given a reason to doubt the divine origin of their land. Since it is a myth, and not a terribly interesting one at that, and because I don't know it that well, I will not reproduce it here. There are two good books to read if you are interested in the early Japanese version of ancient Japanese history. The first is also the first extant Japanese book, the Kojiki (Record of Ancient Matters), dated 712 AD and the other is the Nihongi (I don't remember), dated 720 AD. The dates on both books are misleading since they were compiled from oral sources and added to over hundreds of years. Both have been translated into English, so knowledge of ancient Japanese in not necessary.

Shiono Suehiko

Politician.

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Hayashi	Justice	02 Feb 1937	04 June 1937
1st Konoe	Justice	04 June 1937	05 Jan 1939
Hiranuma	Communications	05 Jan 1939	07 Apr 1939
Hiranuma	Justice	05 Jan 1939	30 Aug 1939

Table 120Cabinet Positions Held by Shiono Suehiko

Shirakawa-tennō

The 72nd emperor of Japan.

Reigned 1072 to 1086.

Shitoku

Nengō of the Northern Dynasty: 1384--1386.

Shizugatake, Battle of

Took place in 1583.

Nakagawa Kiyohide held Shizugatake for Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Sakuma Morimasa attacked on orders from Shibata Katsuie. Nakagawa was killed, but the defenders held. Hideyoshi came with reinforcements, catching the attackers by surprise. Sakuma's forces were routed.

The loss was so severe that Katsuie committed suicide.

see also:

Nakagawa Kiyohide (pg. X), Toyotomi Hideyoshi (pg. X), Sakuma Morimasa (pg. X), Shibata Katsuie (pg. X),

Shizuoka City

The capital city of Shizuoka Prefecture.

Shizuoka Prefecture

Area: 7,779 km2 (1995)

Capital: Shizuoka

Population: 3,730,000 (1996)

Shōan (1)

Nengō: 1171--1174.

Shōan (2)

Nengō: 1299--1301.

Shōchō

Nengō: 1428--1428.

Shōchū

Nengō: 1324--1325.

Shōgen

Nengō: 1259--1259.

Shōgun

Translates as 'General' or 'Barbarian-Subduing Generallisimo'.

Shōgun is a military office dating to the 800s and originally meant something like “commander-in-chief.” Usually, the shōgun was appointed for a fixed term or objective, after which a new man was installed or the post was left vacant until needed again.

Over time, samurai families used the office of shōgun as a way of legitimizing themselves and their rule of the country “in the name of the Emperor.”

There are three major periods of shōgun rule:

Page	Entry	Begin	End
	Kamakura Shōgunate	1192	1338
	Ashikaga Shōgunate	1338	1573
	Tokugawa Shōgunate	1603	1868

Table 121Shōgunates

The List of the Shōgun on page 333 lists all the shōgun from each shōgunate, along with their relevant dates.

Shōhei

Nengō: 931--937.

aka Shōhyō. aka Jōhei.

Shōhei

Nengō: 1346--1369.

aka Shōhyō.

Shōhō

Nengō: 1644--1647.

Shōji

Nengō: 1199--1200.

Shōka

Nengō: 1257--1258.

Shōkō-tennō

The 101st emperor of Japan.

Reigned 1412 to 1428.

Shōkyū War

A civil war / disturbance that occurred in 1221.

Shōmu-tennō

The 45th emperor of Japan.

Lived 701 to 756.

Reigned 724 to 749.

Shōryaku

Nengō: 990--994.

Shōryaku

Nengō: 1077--1080.

aka Jōreki.

Shōtai

Nengō: 898--900.

Shōō

Nengō: 1288--1292.

Shōtoku-tennō

An empress. The 48th ruler of Japan.

Lived 718 to 4 Aug. 770.

Reigned 9 Oct. 764 to 4 Aug. 770.

Previously had reigned as Kōken-tennō (pg. 162), from 2 July 749 to 1 Aug. 758.

Shōtoku

Nengō: 1711--1715.

Shōwa (1)

Nengō: 834--847.

aka Jōwa.

Shōwa (2)

Nengō: 1312--1316.

Shōwa (3)

Nengō: 1926--1988.

Shōwa-tennō

The 124th emperor of Japan.

Lived 1901 to 1989.

Reigned 1926 to 1989.

Shuchō

Nengō: 686--689.

Shurei-mon

Siberian Intervention

Siebold, Philipp Franz von

Lived 1796 to 1866.

Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)

The first Sino-Japanese War was fought between Japan and China during 1894 and 1895 primarily over control of Korea.

Korea (under the Yi Dynasty) had tradionally been a tributary state to China. In 1875 the Qing Dynasty of China had allowed Japan to recognise Korea as an independent state. However China continued to try and assert influence over Korea and there was a split in public opinion in Korea, with conservatives wanting to retain a close relationship with China, while reformists wanted Korea to modernize, and to have a closer relationship to Japan. Following the assassination of a pro-Japanese reformist in 1894, a Korean religious sect, the Tonghak, began a rebellion. The Korean government requested help in putting it down from China.

However, when it did, the Japanese government sent an expedition in support of the reformists, and seized the royal palace in Seoul by June 8, 1894. War between Japan and China was officially declared on August 1, 1894 though some naval fighting had already taken place.

The more modern Japanese army defeated the Chinese in a series of battles around Seoul and Pyongyang forcing them north, and by November 21 the Japanese had taken Port Arthur (now known as Lushan).

China's northern fleet was mauled by the Japanese navy off the mouth of the Yalu River, losing 8 out of 12 warships, retreated behind the fortifications of the Weihaiwei naval base, and was then caught by a surprise Japanese land attack across the Liaodong Peninsula which shattered the ships in harbour with shelling from the landward side. After Weihaiwei's fall on February 2 and an easing in harsh winter conditions, Japanese troops pressed their advance into Manchuria.

Faced with these repeated defeats China signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki in April 1895.

The defeat of China at the hands of Japan highlighted the failure of the Chinese army to modernize adequately, and resulted in increased calls within China for accelerated modernization and reform.

Modified from the Wikipedia article available at:

www.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Sino-Japanese_War_%281894-1895%29

Socialism

Socialist Movement

Socialist Society

Soejima Taneomi

Lived 1828 to 1905.

Soga no Umako

Died 626.

Sōka Gakkai

Sone Arasuke

Politician.

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
3rd Itō	Justice	12 Jan 1898	30 June 1898
2nd Yamagata	Agriculture & Commerce	08 Nov 1898	19 Oct 1900
1st Katsura	Finance	02 June 1901	07 Jan 1906
1st Katsura	Foreign Affairs	02 June 1901	21 Sep 1901
1st Katsura	Communications	17 July 1903	22 Sep 1903

Table 122Cabinet Positions Held by Sone Arasuke

Sonnō Jōi

Sorge, Richard

Statistical Yearbook of Japan

Sue Harukata

Suematsu Kenchō

Politician.

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
2nd Itō	Chief of Legislative Bureau	08 Aug 1892	18 Sep 1896
3rd Itō	Communications	12 Jan 1898	30 June 1898
4th Itō	Home Affairs	19 Oct 1900	02 June 1901

Table 123Cabinet Positions Held by Suematsu Kenchō

Suganuma Motonari

Sugawara no Michizane

Lived 845 to 903.

Sugiyama Gen

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Hayashi	War	09 Feb 1937	04 June 1937
1st Konoe	War	04 June 1937	03 June 1938
Koiso	War	22 July 1944	07 Apr 1945

Table 124Cabinet Positions Held by Sugiyama Gen

Suiko-tennō

An empress. The 33rd ruler of Japan.

Reigned 592 to 628.

Suinin-tennō

The 11th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 29 B.C. to 70 A.D.

Suizei-tennō

The 2nd emperor of Japan.

Reigned 581 to 549 B.C.

Sujin-tennō

The 10th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 97 to 30 B.C.

Sumino Naoko

The second Japanese woman to qualify as an astronaut. The first was Mukai Chiaki (pg XX).

Suō Province

A province in the area that is today Yamaguchi Prefecture. Suō bordered on Aki, Iwami, and Nagato Provinces.

see also:

Aki Province (pg. X),

Iwami Province (pg. X),

Nagato Province (pg. X),

Yamaguchi Prefecture (pg. X),

Suruga Province

A province in the area that is today Shizuoka Prefecture. Suruga bordered on Izu, Kai, Sagami, Shinano, and Tōtōmi Provinces.

see also:

Izu Province (pg. X),

Kai Province (pg. X),

Sagami Province (pg. X),

Shinano Province (pg. X),

Shizuoka Prefecture (pg. X),

Tōtōmi Province (pg. X),

Sushun-tennō

The 32nd emperor of Japan.

Reigned 587 to 592.

Sutoku-tennō

The 75th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 1123 to 1141.

Suzaku-tennō

The 61st emperor of Japan.

Reigned 930 to 946.

Suzuki Bunji

Lived 1885 to 1946.

Suzuki Kantarō

Lived 1868 to 1948.

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Suzuki K.	Greater East Asia	07 Apr 1945	09 Apr 1945
Suzuki K.	Prime Minister	07 Apr 1945	09 Apr 1945
Suzuki K.	Foreign Affairs	09 Apr 1945	17 Aug 1945

Table 125Cabinet Positions Held by Suzuki Kantarō

Cabinet

Name	Position	From	To
Suzuki Kantarō	Prime Minister	07 Apr 1945	09 Apr 1945
Ishiguro Tadaatsu	Agriculture & Commerce	07 Apr 1945	17 Aug 1945
Sakomizu Hisatsune	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	07 Apr 1945	17 Aug 1945
Murase Naokai	Chief of Legislative Bureau	07 Apr 1945	17 Aug 1945
Ōta Kōzō	Education	07 Apr 1945	17 Aug 1945
Hirose Toyosaku	Finance	07 Apr 1945	17 Aug 1945
Tōgō Shigenori	Foreign Affairs	07 Apr 1945	17 Aug 1945
Suzuki Kantarō	Foreign Affairs	09 Apr 1945	17 Aug 1945
Tōgō Shigenori	Greater East Asia	09 Apr 1945	17 Aug 1945
Suzuki Kantarō	Greater East Asia	07 Apr 1945	09 Apr 1945
Abe Genki	Home Affairs	07 Apr 1945	17 Aug 1945
Matsuzaka Hiromasa	Justice	07 Apr 1945	17 Aug 1945
Toyoda Teijirō	Munitions	07 Apr 1945	17 Aug 1945
Yonai Mitsumasa	Navy	07 Apr 1945	17 Aug 1945
Sakurai Heigorō	State	07 Apr 1945	17 Aug 1945
Shimomura Hiroshi	State	07 Apr 1945	17 Aug 1945
Sakonji Masazō	State	07 Apr 1945	17 Aug 1945
Yasui Tōji	State	11 Apr 1945	17 Aug 1945
Kobiyama Naoto	Transport & Communications	11 Apr 1945	19 May 1945
Kobiyama Naoto	Transport	19 May 1945	17 Aug 1945
Toyoda Teijirō	Transport & Communications	07 Apr 1945	11 Apr 1945
Anami Korechika	War	07 Apr 1945	17 Aug 1945
Okada Tadahiko	Welfare	07 Apr 1945	17 Aug 1945

Table 126Suzuki Kantarō's Cabinet

Suzuki Kisaburō

(double check dates of inukai cabinet and cabinet members)

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Kiyoura	Justice	07 Jan 1924	11 June 1924
Tanaka G.	Home Affairs	20 Apr 1927	May 04 1928
Inukai	Justice	13 Dec 1931	25 Mar 1932
Inukai	Home Affairs	25 Mar 1932	26 May 1932

Table 127Cabinet Positions Held by Suzuki Kisaburō

Suzuki Shigeru

Suzuki Teiichi

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
2nd Konoe	Minister of State	04 Apr 1941	18 July 1941
3rd Konoe	Minister of State	18 July 1941	18 Oct 1941
Tōjō	State	18 Oct 1941	22 July 1944

Table 128Cabinet Positions Held by Suzuki Teiichi

Suzuki Yoshio

Cabinet Positions Held by Suzuki Yoshio

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Katayama	Justice	24 May 1947	15 Feb 1948
Katayama	Attorney General	15 Feb 1948	10 Mar 1948
Ashida	Attorney General	10 Mar 1948	15 Oct 1948

Table 129Cabinet Positions Held by Suzuki Yoshio

Suzuki Zenkō

Born 1911.

Prime Minister from 18 July 1980 to 26 November 1982.

Tachibana Muneshige – Twenty-One Demands

Tachibana Muneshige

Taft, William H.

Taguchi Ukichi

Lived 1855 to 1905.

Taihō

Nengō: 701--703.

Taika

Nengō: 645--649.

Taira Family

Taira Kiyomori

Lived 1118 to 1181.

Tairoo

Taishō Democracy

Taishō Political Crisis

Taishō-tennō

The 123rd emperor of Japan.

Lived 1879 to 1926. Reigned 1912 to 1926.

Not one of the more mentally fit members of the imperial line, possibly the result of a childhood illness.

Taishō

Nengō: 1912--1925.

Taiwan

Taiyō

Tajima Province

A province in the area that is today Hyōgo Prefecture. Tajima bordered on Harima, Inaba, Tamba, and Tango Provinces.

see also:

Harima Province (pg. X),

Hyōgo Prefecture (pg. X),

Inaba Province (pg. X),

Tamba Province (pg. X),

Tango Province (pg. X),

Takahashi Korekiyo

Lived 1854 to 1936.

Prime Minister from 13 November 1921 to 12 June 1922.

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Yamamoto	Finance	20 Feb 1913	16 Apr 1914
Hara	Finance	29 Sep 1918	13 Nov 1921
Takahashi	Finance	13 Nov 1921	12 June 1922
Takahashi	Prime Minister	13 Nov 1921	12 June 1922
1st Katō Takaaki	Agriculture & Commerce	11 June 1924	01 Apr 1925
1st Katō Takaaki	Justice	05 Feb 1925	09 Feb 1925
1st Katō Takaaki	Agriculture & Forestry	01 Apr 1925	17 Apr 1925
1st Katō Takaaki	Commerce & Industry	01 Apr 1925	17 Apr 1925
Tanaka G.	Finance	20 Apr 1927	02 June 1927
Inukai (Check dates)	Finance	13 Dec 1931	26 May 1932
Saitō	Finance	26 May 1932	08 July 1934
Okada	Finance	Nov 27 1934	26 Feb 1936

Table 130Cabinet Positions Held by Takahashi Korekiyo

Takahashi Korekiyo's Cabinet

Name	Position	From	To
Takahashi Korekiyo	Prime Minister	13 Nov 1921	12 June 1922
Yamamoto Tatsuo	Agriculture & Commerce	13 Nov 1921	12 June 1922
Mitsuchi Chūzō	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	13 Nov 1921	12 June 1922
Yokota Sennosuke	Chief of Legislative Bureau	13 Nov 1921	28 Mar 1922
Baba Eiichi	Chief of Legislative Bureau	28 Mar 1922	12 June 1922
Noda Utarō	Communications	13 Nov 1921	12 June 1922
Nakahashi Tokugorō	Education	13 Nov 1921	12 June 1922
Takahashi Korekiyo	Finance	13 Nov 1921	12 June 1922
Uchida Kōsai	Foreign Affairs	13 Nov 1921	12 June 1922
Tokonami Takejirō	Home Affairs	13 Nov 1921	12 June 1922
Ōki Enkichi	Justice	13 Nov 1921	12 June 1922
Katō Tomosaburō	Navy	13 Nov 1921	12 June 1922
Motoda Hajime	Railways	13 Nov 1921	12 June 1922
Yamanashi Hanzō	War	13 Nov 1921	12 June 1922

Table 131Takahashi Korekiyo's Cabinet

Takahira

Takakura-tennō

The 80th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 1168 to 1180.

Takamatsu City

The capital of Kagawa Prefecture (pg XX).

Takamatsu, Seige of

Took place in 1582.

Hideyoshi was attacking the Mōri castle of Takamatsu when news of Oda Nobunaga's murder reached him. Hideyoshi had already diverted a river to flood the castle and when he suggested a negotiated end to the seige the Mōri (who were unaware of Oda's murder) were willing to listen. They surrendered the castle, freeing Hideyoshi to immediately leave to pursue Oda's assassin, Akechi Mitsuhide.

see also:

Mōri Family (pg. X),

Toyotomi Hideyoshi (pg. X),

Oda Nobunaga (pg. X),

Akechi Mitsuhide (pg. X),

Takano Chōei

Lived 1804 to 1850.

aka Takayanagi Ryūnosuke

Studied Dutch. Studied medicine under Yoshida Chōshuku.

Wrote Yume Monogatori and translated several European works.

Imprisoned for his views (as set forth in his book) but escaped. Went to work as a translator for the daimyō of Uwajima (in Iyo?).

Died fighting the soldiers sent to take him into custody again.

See Also

Takano Fusataro

Takarabe Takeshi

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Katō Tomosaburō	Navy	15 May 1923	02 Sep 1923
2nd Yamamoto	Navy	02 Sep 1923	07 Jan 1924
1st Katō Takaaki	Navy	11 June 1924	02 Aug 1925
2nd Katō Takaaki	Navy	02 Aug 1925	30 Jan 1926
1st Wakatsuki	Navy	30 Jan 1926	20 Apr 1927
Hamaguchi	Navy	02 July 1929	03 Oct 1930

Table 132Cabinet Positions Held by Takarabe Takeshi

Takashima Shuhan

Lived 1798 to 1866.

Takashima Tomonosuke

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Matsukata	War	17 May 1891	08 Aug 1892
2nd Itō	Colonization	08 Aug 1892	18 Sep 1896
2nd Matsukata	Colonization	18 Sep 1896	02 Sep 1897
2nd Matsukata	War	20 Sep 1896	12 Jan 1898

Table 133Cabinet Positions Held by Takashima Tomonosuke

Takasugi Shinsaku

Lived 1839 to 1867.

Takata-han

Takatenjin, Seige of (1574)

Took place in 1574.

Ogasawara Nagatada held the castle for the Tokugawa. Takeda Katsuyori took it.

See Also

Ogasawara Nagatada (pg. X), Takeda Katsuyori (pg. X)

Takatenjin, Seige of (1580--1581)

Lasted 1580--1581.

Okabe Naganori held the castle for the Takeda. Oda Nobunaga took it.

See Also

Okabe Naganori (pg. X), Oda Nobunaga (pg. X),

Takayanagi Ryūsuke

See Takano Chōei on page XXX

Takebe Katahiro

Lived 1664 to 1739.

Takechi Zuizan

Lived 1829 to 1865.

Takeda Family

Family of Seiwa Genji origin, descended from Minamoto Yoshimitsu.

Takeda Giichi

Cabinet Positions Held by Takeda Giichi

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Katayama	State: Without Portfolio	24 May 1947	07 Jan 1948
Katayama	State: Chairman of the Local Finance Committee	01 Jan 1948	10 Mar 1948
Ashida	Welfare	10 Mar 1948	15 Oct 1948

Table 134Cabinet Positions Held by Takeda Giichi

Takeda Izumo

Takeda Katsuyori

Lived 1546 to 1582.

Son of Takeda Shingen. Father of Takeda Nobukatsu.

Katsuyori took charge of the family after the death of his father.

Fought Tokugawa Ieyasu at Takatenjin in 1574 and at Nagashino in 1575.

Incurred the wrath of the Hōjō family by helping Uesugi Kagekatsu against Uesugi Kagetora (Hōjō Ujiyasu's seventh son, adopted by and heir to Uesugi Kenshin).

Lost (to whom?) at Takatenjin in 1581. His forces were destroyed by the combined armies of Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu at Tenmokuzan in 1582, after which Katsuyori and his son committed suicide.

See Also

Hōjō Family (pg. X), Hōjō Ujiyasu (pg. X), Nagashino, Battle of (pg. X), Oda Nobunaga (pg. X), Takatenjin, Siege of (1574) (pg. X), Takatenjin, Siege of (1580--1581) (pg. X), Takeda Shingen (pg. X), Tenmokuzan, Battle of (pg. X), Tokugawa Ieyasu (pg. X), Uesugi Kagekatsu (pg. X), Uesugi Kagetora (pg. X), Uesugi Kenshin (pg. X),

Takeda Nobutora

Takeda Nobutoyo

Takeda Shingen

Lived 1521 to 1573.

aka Takeda Harunobu. Took the name Shingen in 1551.

Son of Takeda Nobutora.

Defeated Tokugawa Ieyasu at the Battle of Mikatagahara in 1571.

Died of a bullet wound recieved while his forces were beseiging Noda Castle in 1573. At his request, his family kept his death secret for several years.

Takemitsu Toru

Lived 1930 to 1996.

Takeshita Noboru

Prime Minister from 6 November 1987 to 2 June 1989. Replaced by Uno Sosuke (pg XXX).

Taketomi Tokitoshi

Cabinet Positions Held by Taketomi Tokitoshi

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Ōkuma	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	30 June 1898	08 Nov 1898
2nd Ōkuma	Communications	16 Apr 1914	10 Aug 1915
2nd Ōkuma	Finance	10 Aug 1915	09 Oct 1916

Table 135Cabinet Positions Held by Taketomi Tokitoshi

Takigawa

Tale of Genji

A book by Murasaki Shikibu (pg 203). Known as Genji Monogatori in Japanese.

Tamba Province

A province in the area that is today Kyōto Prefecture. Tamba bordered on Harima, Ōmi, Settsu, Tajima, Tango, Wakasa, and Yamashiro Provinces.

see also:

Harima Province (pg. X), Kyōto Prefecture (pg. X), Ōmi Province (pg. X), Settsu Province (pg. X), Tajima Province (pg. X), Tango Province (pg. X), Wakasa Province (pg. X), Yamashiro Province (pg. X),

Tanabe Harumichi

Lived

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Hiranuma	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	05 Jan 1939	07 Apr 1939
Hiranuma	Communications	07 Apr 1939	30 Aug 1939
3rd Konoe	Home Affairs	18 July 1941	18 Oct 1941

Table 136Cabinet Positions Held by Tanabe Harumichi

Tanaka Giichi

Lived 1863 to 1929.

Prime Minister from 20 April 1927 to 2 July 1929.

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
Hara	War	29 Sep 1918	09 June 1921
2nd Yamamoto	War	02 Sep 1923	07 Jan 1924
Tanaka G.	Colonization	20 Apr 1927	02 July 1929
Tanaka G.	Foreign Affairs	20 Apr 1927	02 July 1929
Tanaka G.	Prime Minister	20 Apr 1927	02 July 1929
Tanaka G.	Home Affairs	04 May 1928	23 May 1928

Table 137Cabinet Positions Held by Tanaka Giichi

Cabinet

Name	Position	From	To
Tanaka Giichi	Prime Minister	20 Apr 1927	02 July 1929
Yamamoto Teijiroo	Agriculture & Forestry	20 Apr 1927	02 July 1929
Hatoyama Ichiroo	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	20 Apr 1927	02 July 1929
Maeda Yonezoo	Chief of Legislative Bureau	20 Apr 1927	02 July 1929
Tanaka Giichi	Colonization	20 Apr 1927	02 July 1929
Nakahashi Tokugoroo	Commerce & Industry	20 Apr 1927	02 July 1929
Mochizuke Keisuke	Communications	20 Apr 1927	23 May 1928
Kuhara Fusanosuke	Communications	23 May 1928	02 July 1929
Mitsuchi Chuuzoo	Education	20 Apr 1927	02 June 1927
Mizuno Rentaroo	Education	02 June 1927	25 May 1928
Katsuta Kazue	Education	25 May 1928	02 July 1929
Takahashi Korekiyo	Finance	20 Apr 1927	02 June 1927
Mitsuchi Chuuzoo	Finance	02 June 1927	02 July 1929
Tanaka Giichi	Foreign Affairs	20 Apr 1927	02 July 1929
Suzuki Kisaburoo	Home Affairs	20 Apr 1927	04 May 1928
Tanaka Giichi	Home Affairs	04 May 1928	23 May 1928
Mochizuke Keisuke	Home Affairs	23 May 1928	02 July 1929
Hara Yoshimichi	Justice	20 Apr 1927	02 July 1929
Okada Keisuke	Navy	20 Apr 1927	02 July 1929
Ogawa Heikichi	Railways	20 Apr 1927	02 July 1929
Shirakawa Yoshinori	War	20 Apr 1927	02 July 1929

Table 138Tanaka Giichi's Cabinet

Tanaka Kakuei

Born 1918.

Prime Minister from 7 July 1972 to 22 December 1972 and 22 December

1972 to 9 December 1974.

Tanaka Shozo

Lived 1841 to 1913.

Tango Province

A province in the area that is today Kyōto Prefecture. Tango bordered on Tajima, Tamba, and Wakasa Provinces.

see also:

Kyōto Prefecture (pg. X),

Tajima Province (pg. X),

Tamba Province (pg. X),

Wakasa Province (pg. X),

Tani Kanjo

Lived 1837 to 1911.

Taniyama-Shimura Conjecture

Taniyama Yutaka

Tanizaki Junichirō

Lived 1886 to 1965.

Author.

Moved to Kyoto from Tokyo after the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923.

His works include:

Naomi (1923), Some Prefer Nettles (1929), Arrowroot (1931), Ashikari (1932), A Portrait of Shunkin (1932), The Secret History of the Lord of Musashi (1935), The Makioka Sisters (1943--1948), Quicksand (Japanese: Manji) (1947), Captain Shigemoto's Mother (1949), The Key (1956), and Diary of an Old Man (1961).

Tanuma Okitsugu

Lived 1719 to 1788.

Tayama Katai

Tedorigawa, Battle of

Took place in 1577.

Oda Nobunaga, with about 50,000 men, crossed the Tedorigawa at night to attack Uesugi Kenshin. Kenshin, who had about 30,000 men was expecting the move and was ready. Nobunaga was defeated.

see also:

Oda Nobunaga (pg. X),

Uesugi Kenshin (pg. X),

Teiseitō

Teiwa

Nengō of the Northern Dynasty: 1345--1349.

Temmei

Nengō: 1781--1788.

Temmon

Nengō: 1532--1554.

aka Tembun.

Temmu-tennō

The 40th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 673 to 686.

Tempō

Nengō: 1830--1843.

Tempuku

Nengō: 1233--1233.

Tempyō-hōji

Nengō: 757--764.

Tempyō-jingo

Nengō: 765--766.

aka Tempyō-shingo.

Tempyō-kampō

Nengō: 749--749.

Tempyō-shōhō

Nengō: 749--756.

Tempyō

Nengō: 729--748.

Tenchō

Nengō: 824--833.

Ten'ei

Nengō: 1110--1112.

Ten'en

Nengō: 973--975.

Tengen

Nengō: 978--982.

Tengi

Nengō: 1053--1057.

Tengyō

Nengō: 938--946.

aka Tenkei.

Tenji-tennō

The 38th emperor of Japan.

Lived 626 to 672. Reigned 662 to 671.

Tenji

Nengō: 1124--1125.

aka Tenju.

Tenmokuzan, Battle of

Tennan

Nengō: 857--858.

aka Ten'an??

Tenna

Nengō: 1681--1683.

aka Tenwa.

Tennin

Nengō: 1108--1109.

Tennōji, Battle of

Ten'ō

Nengō: 781--781.

Tenroku

Nengō: 970--972.

Tenryaku

Nengō: 948--956.

Tenshō

Nengō: 1131--1131.

Tenshō

Nengō: 1573--1591.

Tentoku

Nengō: 957--960.

Ten'yō

Nengō: 1144--1144.

Terabe, Seige of

Took place in 1558.

This was the first battle that Tokugawa Ieyasu was involved in. At the time, he was a vassal of Imagawa Yoshimoto.

Suzuki Shigeteru, in charge of Terabe castle, dumped Imagawa for Oda Nobunaga. Ieyasu attacked the castle, but was driven off by reinforcements sent by Nobunaga.

see also:

Tokugawa Ieyasu (pg. X),

Oda Nobunaga (pg. X),

Imagawa Yoshimoto (pg. X),

Suzuki Shigeru (pg. X),

Terashima Munenori

aka Terajima Munenori.

Lived 1832 to 1893.

Terauchi Masatake

Lived 1852 to 1919.

Prime Minister from 9 October 1916 to 29 September 1918.

Cabinet Positions

Cabinet	Position	From	To
1st Katsura	War	27 Mar 1902	07 Jan 1906
1st Saionji	War	07 Jan 1906	14 July 1908
2nd Katsura	Foreign Affairs	14 July 1908	27 Aug 1908
2nd Katsura	War	14 July 1908	30 Aug 1911
Terauchi	Finance	09 Oct 1916	06 Dec 1916
Terauchi	Foreign Affairs	09 Oct 1916	Nov 21 1916
Terauchi	Prime Minister	09 Oct 1916	29 Sep 1918

Table 139Cabinet Positions Held by Terauchi Masatake

Cabinet

Name	Position	From	To
Terauchi Masatake	Prime Minister	09 Oct 1916	29 Sep 1918
Nakakōji Ren	Agriculture & Commerce	09 Oct 1916	29 Sep 1918
Kodama Hideo	Chief of Cabinet Secretariat	09 Oct 1916	29 Sep 1918
Arimatsu Hideyoshi	Chief of Legislative Bureau	09 Oct 1916	29 Sep 1918
Den Kenjirō	Communications	09 Oct 1916	29 Sep 1918
Okada Ryōhei	Education	09 Oct 1916	29 Sep 1918
Terauchi Masatake	Finance	09 Oct 1916	06 Dec 1916
Katsuta Kazue	Finance	06 Dec 1916	29 Sep 1918
Terauchi Masatake	Foreign Affairs	09 Oct 1916	21 Nov 1916
Motono Ichirō	Foreign Affairs	21 Nov 1916	23 Apr 1918
Gotō Shinpei	Foreign Affairs	23 Apr 1918	29 Sep 1918
Gotō Shinpei	Home Affairs	09 Oct 1916	23 Apr 1918
Mizuno Rentarō	Home Affairs	23 Apr 1918	29 Sep 1918
Matsumuro Itaru	Justice	09 Oct 1916	29 Sep 1918
Katō Tomosaburō	Navy	09 Oct 1916	29 Sep 1918
Ōshima Ken'ichi	War	09 Oct 1916	29 Sep 1918

Table 140Terauchi Masatake's Cabinet

Toba-tennō

The 74th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 1107 to 1123.

Tochigi Prefecture

Area: 6,408 km2 (1995)

Capital: Utsunomiya

Population: 1,980,000 (1996)

Toda Kazuaki

Lived 1542 to 1604.

A samurai in the service of Tokugawa Ieyasu. In 1601, Ieyasu gave Kazuaki the fief of Zeze (say what?) (30,000 koku) in Ōmi.

Togo Heihachiro

Lived 1848 to 1934.

A samurai from Satsuma. Studied (what?) in England from 1871 to 1878.

Originally in the Satsuma Navy, joined the Imperial Japanese Navy (at its formation?). Fought in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894—1895. Promoted to Rear Admiral in 1895, Vice Admiral in 1900, and full Admiral in 1904.

Heihachiro commanded the fleet during the Russo-Japanese War (1904--1905). His stunning success at the Battle of Tsushima effectively ended any hope that Russia ever had of controlling or even contesting the seas around Korea.

see also:

Imperial Japanese Navy (pg. X),

Russo-Japanese War (pg. X),

Satsuma-han (pg. X),

Sino-Japanese War (pg. X),

Tsushima, Battle of (pg. X),

Togo Shigenori

Lived 1882 to 1950.

Tōjō Hideki

Lived 1884 to 1948.

Was Prime Minister from 18 October 1941 to 22 July 1944.

He replaced Konoe Fumimaro and was replaced by Koiso Kuniaki.

see also:

Konoe Fumimaro (pg. X),

Koiso Kuniaki (pg. X),

Tokonami Takejiro

Lived 1867 to 1935.

Tokugawa Chikatada

Lived 1418 to 1480.

Tokugawa Chikauji

Might have died 1407.

Father of (Matsudaira?) Yasuchika and Sakai Tadahiro, among others.

Tokugawa Family

Tokugawa Hidetada

Lived 1579 to 1632.

The 2nd Tokugawa shōgun.

In office 1605 to 1623.

One of Tokugawa Ieyasu's sons.

Tokugawa Hideyasu

Lived 1574 to 1607.

Tokugawa Hirotada

Lived 1526 to 1549.

Tokugawa Ieharu

Lived 1737 to 1786.

The 10th Tokugawa shōgun.

In office 1760 to 1786.

Tokugawa Iemitsu

Lived 1604 to 1651.

The 3rd Tokugawa shōgun.

In office 1623 to 1651.

First son of Hidetada. Brother to Sen-Hime and Kazuko.

Father of Ietsuna (who would become the 4th Tokugawa shōgun).

Completed the closing of Japan (sakoku). Persecuted Christians. Made sankin-kotai obligatory for the daimyō.

See Also

Christianity (pg. X),

Tokugawa Hidetada (pg. X),

Tokugawa Ietsuna (pg. X),

Tokugawa Kazuko (pg. X),

Tokugawa Sen-Hime (pg. X),

sakoku (pg. X),

sankin-kotai (pg. X),

Tokugawa Iemochi

Lived 1846 to 1866.

The 14th Tokugawa shōgun.

In office 1858 to 1866.

Tokugawa Iemoto

Lived 1763 to 1779.

Son and original heir of Tokugawa Ieharu. Died before his father.

Tokugawa Ienari

Lived 1773 to 1841

The 11th Tokugawa shōgun.

In office 1786 to 1837.

Tokugawa Ienobu

Lived 1662 to 1712.

The 6th Tokugawa shōgun.

In office 1709 to 1712.

Son of Tokugawa Tsunashige. Originally known as Tokugawa Tsunatoyo.

Tokugawa Iesada

Lived 1824 to 1858.

The 13th Tokugawa shōgun.

In office 1853 to 1858.

Tokugawa Ieshige

Lived 1712 to 1761.

The 9th Tokugawa shōgun.

In office 1745 to 1760.

First son of Tokugawa Yoshimune. Father of Tokugawa Ieharu.

Tokugawa Ietsugu

Lived 1709 to 1716.

The 7th Tokugawa shōgun.

In office 1712 to 1716.

Son of Tokugawa Ienobu.

Was only four years old when he became shōgun. Died at age seven. (why? of what?)

Tokugawa Ietsuna

Lived 1639 to 1680.

The 4th Tokugawa shōgun.

In office 1651 to 1680.

First son of Tokugawa Iemitsu. Brother to Tokugawa Tsunayoshi. Died without an heir or any children.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Lived December 30, 1542 - June 1, 1616

The 1st Tokugawa shōgun.

In office 1603 to 1605.

Tokugawa Ieyasu was the founder of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, and is commonly known as one of the “three great leaders” of feudal Japan (the other two are Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi).

Originally known as Tokugawa Takechiyo. Given the name “Motonobu” at age 14. Later changed his name to “Motoyasu''. Finally took the name “Ieyasu” in 1565. It is by this name that he is mostly known today.

Born in Mikawa. When he was about five years old Ieyasu was captured by forces loyal to Oda Nobuhide. Nobuhide used Ieyasu as a barganing chip against Tokugawa ??. He held firm and Ieyasu remained a captive of the Katō family (at the Tennō-bō temple in Owari) for about 10 years - practically his entire childhood.

It was shortly after he returned home (1558) that Motonobu changed his name to Motoyasu. Also around this time, Tokugawa married a daughter of Sekiguchi Chikanaga (page XXX).

Took the name “Ieyasu” in 1565. In 1567 the emperor gave Ieyasu permission to keep the name “Tokugawa” for his own immediate family, while his other relatives would continue using “Matsudaira” (etc?).

Built Hamamatsu Castle (page XXX) in 1570.

Tokugawa was originally daimyo of Mikawa (present-day Eastern part of Aichi prefecture) but was displaced to Kanto during Toyotomi's rule. Tokugawa's influence made him an important ally of Oda Nobunaga. After Oda died and Toyotomi Hideyoshi became Japan's dominant ruler, Tokugawa was named as one of five regents (tairo) with the responsibility of looking after Toyotomi's son, Toyotomi Hideyori.

When Hideyoshi died in 1598, Hideyori was only five years old. The new regent was placed in the care of Toyotomi's closest ally, Ishida Mitsunari, who attempted to hold the Toyotomi coalition together. Tokugawa, however, saw a chance to usurp power from the Toyotomi loyalists, and assembled an “eastern army” to take on Ishida.

The ensuing Battle of Sekigahara (1600) ended in a crushing defeat for Ishida's “western army”. In 1603, Tokugawa became shogun of an almost entirely unified Japan, a concept that had been abandoned by Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi. He abdicated in 1605 and allowed his son, Tokugawa Hidetada, to take over.

Tokugawa was enshrined in Nikko after his death, and his mausoleum, Nikko Toshogu is a popular tourist destination today. Sargent (1894; The Forest Flora of Japan) recorded that a Daimyo who was too poor to offer a stone lantern at the funeral requested instead to be allowed to plant an avenue of Sugi, 'that future visitors might be protected from the heat of the sun'. The offer was accepted; the avenue, which still exists, is over 65km (40 miles) long, and 'has not its equal in stately grandeur'.

Modified from the Wikipedia article available at (DOUBLE CHECK!!):

http://www.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Tokugawa_Ieyasu

Tokugawa Ieyoshi

Lived 1792 to 1853.

The 12th Tokugawa shōgun.

In office 1837 to 1853.

Tokugawa Keiki

aka Tokugawa Yoshinobu

aka Hitotsubashi Keiki

aka Hitotsubashi Yoshinobu

The 15th and final Tokugawa shōgun. In office 1866 to 1868.

Member of the Mito branch of the Tokugawa Family. Son of Tokugawa Nariaki (pg. X).

Tokugawa Kiyoyasu

Lived 1511 to 1536.

Tokugawa Nagachika

Lived 1442 to 1510.

Tokugawa Nariaki

Lived 1800 to 1860.

Father of Tokugawa Keiki, the final Tokugawa Shōgun.

A member of the Mito branch of the Tokugawa family and daimyō of Mito.

Nariaki was put in charge of bakufu efforts to defend the country against the encrouching foreigners. His own view was that the bakufu should strengthen its military and fight the foreigners, and was at odds with Ii Naosuke on the issue.

He was pro-emperor and favored restoration. Nariaki and Naosuke fought over who would succeed the Shōgun Iesada, with Nariaki championing his son Keiki. Naosuke, who eventually prevailed, favored Iemochi.

see also:

Ii Naosuke (pg. X), Tokugawa Iemochi (pg. X), Tokugawa Iesada (pg. X), Tokugawa Keiki (pg. X),

Tokugawa Nobumitsu

Lived 1390 to 1465.

Tokugawa Nobutada

Lived 1489 to 1531.

Tokugawa Nobuyasu

Lived 1559 to 1579.

Tokugawa Nobuyoshi

Lived 1583 to 1603

Tokugawa Sen-hime

Lived 1597 to 1666.

Tokugawa Shigeyoshi

Tokugawa Shōgunate

Tokugawa Ieyasu was named shōgun in 1603 and his family controlled the country through that office until the Meiji Restoration of 1867-68.

Appendix XXX has a list of the Tokugawa Shōgun on page XXX.

Tokugawa Tadanaga

Lived 1605 to 1651.

Tokugawa Tadateru

Lived 1593 to 1683.

Tokugawa Tadayoshi

Lived 1580 to 1607.

Tokugawa Tsunashige

Lived 1644 to 1678.

Tokugawa Tsunayoshi

Lived 1646 to 1709.

The 5th Tokugawa shōgun.

In office 1680 to 1709.

Tokugawa Yasuchika

Lived 1369 to 1412.

Tokugawa Yorifusa

Lived 1603 to 1661.

Tokugawa Ieyasu's 9th son and founder of the Mito branch of the Tokugawa family.

Father of Mitsukuni, Yorishige, Yorimoto, Yoritaka, and Yorio.

Recieved Mito (350,000 koku) in Hitachi in 1609. Hence they are known as the Mito branch.

Tokugawa Yorinobu

Lived 1602 to 1671.

Tokugawa Ieyasu's 8th son and founder of the Kii branch of the Tokugawa family.

Father of Mitsusada and Yorizumi.

Received Wakayama (555,000 koku) in Kii in 1619.

Tokugawa Yoshimune

Lived 1684 to 1751.

The 8th Tokugawa shōgun.

In office 1716 to 1745.

Tokugawa Yoshinao

Lived 1600 to 1650.

Tokugawa Ieyasu's 7th son and founder of the Owari branch of the Tokugawa family.

Father of Mitsutomo.

Recieved Nagoya Castle in Owari in 1610.

Tokugawa Yoshinobu

See Tokugawa Keiki on page XXX.

Tokugawa Yoshisue

aka Tokugawa Shiro.

Tokuji

Nengō: 1306--1307.

Tokushima City

The capital city of Tokugawa Prefecture.

Tokushima Prefecture

Area: 4,144 km2 (1995)

Capital: Tokushima

Population: 840,000 (1996)

Tokutomi Soho

Tōkyō City

The capital of Tōkyō Prefecture. Also the national capital.

Tōkyō Prefecture

Technically a to, not a ken.

Area: 2,187 km2 (1995)

Capital: Tōkyō

Population: 11,540,000 (1996)

Tokyo University

Tōkyō War Crimes Trial

Torii Family (Daimyō)

A daimyō family from Mikawa. Descended from Fujiwara Moromasa.

Torii Family (Painters)

A family of famous painters.

Torii Kiyomasa

Painter.

Lived 1706 to 1763.

Torii Kiyomine

Painter.

Lived 1787 to 1868.

Torii Kiyomitsu

Painter.

Lived 1735 to 1785.

Torii Kiyonaga

Painter.

Died 1813.

Torii Kiyonobu

Painter.

Lived 1664 to 1730.

Torii Kiyonobu

Painter.

Torii Mototada

Lived 1539 to 1600.

Son of Tadayoshi.

Torii Naritsugu

Son of Mototada. Ruled Yamura (Kai, 35,000 koku) but was dispossessed in 1632 and banished to his nephew Torii Tadatsune's domain in Yamagata.

Torii Tadaharu

Lived 1608 to 1651.

Continued the family name when his older brother Tadatsune died without an heir in 1636. He was given the Takatō (Shinano, 30,000 koku).

Torii Tadamasa

Lived 1567 to 1628.

Received Iwakidaira (Mutsu, 100,000 koku) in 1603. Was moved to Yamagata (Dewa, 260,000 koku) in 1622.

Torii Tadatsune

Died 1636.

Son of Tadamasa but his fief reverted to the shogunate when Tadatsune died without an heir.

Torii Tadayoshi

Died 1571.

Father of Torii Mototada.

Served Matsudaira Hirotada and later Tokugawa Ieyasu.

Torii

Tosa-han

Tosa Province

A province in the area that is today Kōchi Prefecture on Shikoku. Tosa bordered on Iyo and Awa Provinces.

see also:

Awa Province (pg. X),

Iyo Province (pg. X),

Kōchi Prefecture (pg. X),

Shikoku (pg. X),

Tōsei-ha

Tōtōmi Province

(needs to be finished!)

A province in the area that is today Prefecture. Tōtōmi bordered on and Provinces.

see also:

Tottori City

The capital city of Tottori Prefecture.

Tottori Prefecture

Area: 3,507 km2 (1995)

Capital: Tottori

Population: 620,000 (1996)

Tōyama Kagetō

Toyama Mitsuru

Lived 1855 to 1944.

Toyama Prefecture

Area: 4,427 km2 (1995)

Capital: Toyama

Population: 1,130,000 (1996)

Toyoda Sakichi

Lived 1867 to 1930.

Toyotomi Family

Toyotomi Hideyori

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

Lived 1537 to 1598.

Hideyoshi started life as a peasant, but managed to rise up in the ranks of Oda Nobunaga's (page XXX) army; He was a general when Akechi Mitsuhide (page XXX) assassinated Oda in 1582. Hideyoshi promptly avenged his lord's death and equally promptly took his lord's place.

Aside from his work unifying the country, Hideyoshi is also remembered for his ill-advised invasions of mainland Asia.

Tozama

Treaty of Shimonoseki

The Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed on April 17, 1895 between China and Japan.

It ended the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) in favour of Japan. In the treaty China recognized the independence of Korea and renounced any claims, ceded the southern portion of F?gtien (current Shenyang, Liaoning) province, the islands of Formosa and the Pescadores Islands to Japan. China also paid Japan a war indemnity of 200 million Kuping taels, and opened various ports and rivers to international entry and trade.

The treaty was signed by Count Ito Hirobumi and Viscount Mutsu Munemitsu for the Emperor of Japan and Li Hung-Chang and Li Ching-Fong on behalf of the Emperor of China.

The harsh conditions imposed on China led to the Triple Intervention of Russia, France, and Germany. They demanded that Japan withdrew its claim on F?gtien province, concerned that Port Arthur would fall under Japanese control. In November 1895 Japan withdrew its claim on F?gtien province in return for an increased war indemnity from China. The European powers were not concerned with any of the other conditions, or the 'free hand' Japan had been granted in Korea.

Modified from the Wikipedia article available at:

http://www.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Treaty_of_Shimonoseki

Triple Intervention

After the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, which ended the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Russia, France, and Germany objected to part of the treaty and compelled Japan to withdrew its claim on F?gtien province in return for an increased war indemnity from China.

The Japanese people were not happy with the intervention in a treaty between Japan and China and their anger was increased when a few years later Russia assumed control of Port Arthur from China – Port Arthur was in the area that Russia, France, and Germany had intervened to prevent Japan from controlling.

This was part of a broader Russo-Japanese rivalry in Northeast Asia that resulted in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905.

Truman, Harry S.

Tsuchimikado-tennō

The 83th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 1198 to 1210.

Tsu City

The capital of Mie Prefecture (pg XX).

Tsuda Mamichi

Lived 1829 to 1903.

Tsuda Sokichi

Lived 1873 to 1961.

Tsuda Umeko

Lived 1865 to 1929

Tsukude Castle

Tsukushi Hirokado

Tsushima, Battle of

Tsushima Province

A group of islands that are today part of Nagasaki Prefecture. They lay between in the Sea of Japan, between Honshū / Kyūshū and the Korean peninsula.

**H3

Twenty-One Demands

Uchida Ryohei – Uzen Province

Uchida Ryohei

Lived 1874 to 1937.

Uchidehama, Battle of

Took place in 1582.

The Akechi army, retreating from their loss at the battle of Yamazaki, was joined by Akechi Mitsuharu, the cousin of Akechi Mitsuhide. (Mitsuhide was killed at Yamazaki.) Mitsuharu fought Hori Hidemasa, who was pursuing the Akechi on behalf of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, at Uchidehama. The Akechi army lost.

see also:

Akechi Mitsuharu (pg. X),

Akechi Mitsuhide (pg. X),

Oda Nobunaga (pg. X),

Toyotomi Hideyoshi (pg. X),

Hori Hidemasa (pg. X),

Yamazaki, Battle of (pg. X),

Honnōji, Seige of (pg. X),

Uchimura Kanzo

Lived 1861 to 1930.

Udaijin

Uda-tennō

The 59th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 887 to 897.

Uedahara, Battle of

Took place in 1548.

The first battle in Japan where arquebuses were used. Takeda Shingen lost to Murakami Yoshikiyo. Yoshikiyo had 50 ashigaru armed with arquebuses.

see also:

Takeda Shingen (pg. X),

Murakami Yoshikiyo (pg. X),

Arquebus (pg. X),

Ashigaru (pg. X),

Ueda, Seige of

Took place in 1600.

Tokugawa Hidetada, on his way to join his father, Ieyasu, stopped to seige Ueda castle. The castle was held by Sanada Masayuki and his son Sanada Yukimura. When the castle did not fall as quickly as Hidetada had hoped / expected, he abandoned the seige and hurried to meet up with Ieyasu. As a result of this delay, Hidetada missed the battle of Sekigahara.

see also:

Sanada Masayuki (pg. X),

Sanada Yukimura (pg. X),

Sekigahara, Battle of (pg. X),

Tokugawa Hidetada (pg. X),

Tokugawa Ieyasu (pg. X),

Ueki Emori

Lived 1857 to 1892.

Uesugi Family (Ogigayatsu)

Uesugi Family (Yamaouchi)

A daimyō family descended from Fujiwara Yoshikado (pg. X).

Uesugi Kagekatsu

Lived 1555 to 1623.

Uesugi Kagenobu

Uesugi Kagetora

Lived 1552 to 1579.

The 7th son of Hōjō Ujiyasu (pg. X), was adopted by Uesugi Kenshin.

Uesugi Kenshin

aka Nagao Kagetora

Lived 1530 to 1578.

The 3rd son of Nagao Tamekage. The Nagao family were vassals of the Uesugi but in 1551, Kenshin forced Uesugi Norimasa to adopt him as his son, give him offices and titles, and of course the Uesugi name. Norimasa had been defeated by Hōjō Ujiyasu and didn't have much choice but to accept.

Uesugi Norimasa

Lived 1522 to 1579.

Defeated several times by the Hōjō, had the good fortune to have a very capable retainer in Nagao Kagetora, whom he would adopt.

Uesugi Norisada

Uesugi Tomosada

Died 1544.

Last of the Ogigayatsu Uesugi.

Uesugi Yoshiharu

Ugaki Kazushige

Lived 1868 to 1956.

Ugo Province

A province in the area that is today Akita Prefecture (pg. ). Ugo bordered on Mutsu, Rikuchū, Rikuzen, and Uzen Provinces.

see also:

Akita Prefecture (pg. X),

Mutsu Province (pg. X),

Rikuchū Province (pg. X),

Rikuzen Province (pg. X),

Uzen Province (pg. X),

Ukita Hideie

Umezu Yoshijiro

Lived 1882 to 1949.

Unkei

Died 1223. Maybe.

Uno Sosuke

Prime Minister from 2 June 1989 to 10 August 1989. Replaced by Kaifu Toshiki (pg XXX).

Urawa City

The capital of Saitama Prefecture (pg XXX).

U.S.-Japan Treaty of Amity and Commerce

Utsunomiya City

The capital of Tochigi Prefecture (pg XXX).

Utsunomiya-han

Uwajima

Uzen Province

A province in the area that is today Yamagata Prefecture. Uzen bordered on Echigo, Iwaki, Iwashiro, Rikuzen, and Ugo Provinces.

see also:

Echigo Province (pg. X),

Iwaki Province (pg. X),

Iwashiro Province (pg. X),

Rikuzen Province (pg. X),

Ugo Province (pg. X),

Yamagata Prefecture (pg. X),

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Wado Province – Witte, Sergei

Wado Province

Wadō

Nengō: 708--714.

Wajima City

A city of about 30,000 people on the Noto-hanto, in Ishikawa.

Wajima-nuri

A style of laquerware from the city of Wajima in Ishikawa.

Wakamatsu-han

Wakasa Province

A province in the area that is today Fukui Prefecture. Wakasa bordered on Echizen, Ōmi, Tamba, Tango, and Yamashiro Provinces.

Domains

Obama (92,000 koku): Kyōgoku Takatsugu received from Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1600.

see also:

Echizen Province (pg. X),

Fukui Prefecture (pg. X),

Kyōgoku Takatsugu (pg. X),

Ōmi Province (pg. X),

Tamba Province (pg. X),

Tango Province (pg. X),

Tokugawa Ieyasu (pg. X),

Yamashiro Province (pg. X),

Wakatsuki Reijirō

Lived 1866 to 1949.

Prime Minister from 30 January 1926 to 20 April 1927 and 14 April 1931 to 14 December 1931.

Wakayama City

The capital city of Wakayama Prefecture.

Wakayama Prefecture

Area: 4,724 km2 (1995)

Capital: Wakayama

Population: 1,100,000 (1996)

Wang Ching-wei

Wang Yang-ming

War Crimes, Class A

Warring States Period

The period of more-or-less constant warfare that lasted from the Ōnin War until Hideyoshi managed to exert control over most of the country.

Waseda University

aka Tōkyō College.

Washington Naval Conference

Took place in Washington, DC from November 1921 to February 1922. , France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, and the United States (as well as a couple of other countries!) participated. Naval arms limitations, rules for submarine warfare, and the status of various islands held by the powers in the Pacific were among the topics discussed.

The conference resulted in several treaties. The Four-Powers Treaty (France, Great Britain, Japan, and the United States) dealt with the various countries' various holdings in the Pacific. The Five-Powers Treaty (France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, and the United States) dealt with naval arms limitations. The Nine-Powers Treaty (France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, and the United States and ??) dealt with the “Open Door” policy in China.

The Americans at least were reading the Japanese delegation's telegrams and it is possible that the British were as well. The American snooping was made public a few years later by Herbert O. Yardley, the chief of the American Black Chamber – the secret government agency that had cryptanalyzed (broken) the Japanese codes during the conference.

Sources and Suggested Reading

The American Black Chamber by Herbert O. Yardley, [yardley_1931]

The Codebreakers: The Story of Secret Writing by David Kahn, [kahn_1996]

The Reader of Gentlemen's Mail by David Kahn, [kahn_2004]

See Also

American Black Chamber (pg 22), American Black Chamber, The (pg 23), Five-Powers Treaty (pg 83), Four-Powers Treaty (pg 83), Nine-Powers Treaty (pg 218), Yardley, Herbert O. (pg 307)

Watanabe Hanzō

Watanabe Jotaro

Lived

Witte, Sergei

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Yamagata Aritomo – Yūryaku-tennō

Yamagata Aritomo

Lived 1838 to 1922.

Prime Minister from 24 December 1889 to 6 May 1891 and 8 November 1898 to 19 October 1900.

Yamagata City

The capital city of Yamagata Prefecture (pg. X).

Yamagata Masakage

Yamagata Prefecture

Area: 9,323 km2 (1995)

Capital: Yamagata

Population: 1,260,000 (1996)

Yamaguchi City

The capital city of Yamaguchi Prefecture (pg. X).

Yamaguchi Prefecture

Area: 6,110 km2 (1995)

Capital: Yamaguchi

Population: 1,550,000 (1996)

Yamakawa Hitoshi

Lived 1880 to 1958.

Yamakawa Kikue

Lived 1890 to 1980.

Yamamoto Gonnohyōe

aka Yamamoto Gonbei.

Lived 1852 to 1933.

Prime Minister from 20 February 1913 to 16 April 1914 and 2 September 1923 to 7 January 1924.

Yamamoto Isoroku

Lived 1884 to 1943.

Naval officer. He is generally credited with planning and managing the December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. Held the rank of admiral when he was shot down by American fighters in 1943.

Yamanashi Prefecture

Area: 4,465 km2 (1995)

Capital: Kōfu

Population: 880,000 (1996)

Yamashiro Province

A province in the area that is today Kyōto Prefecture. Yamashiro bordered on Iga, Kawachi, Ōmi, Settsu, Tamba, Wakasa, and Yamato Provinces.

see also:

Iga Province (pg. X), Kawachi Province (pg. X), Kyōto Prefecture (pg. X), Ōmi Province (pg. X), Settsu Province (pg. X), Tamba Province (pg. X), Wakasa Province (pg. X), Yamato Province (pg. X),

Yamato Province

A province in the area that is today Nara Prefecture. Yamato bordered on Iga, Ise, Kawachi, Kii, and Yamashiro Provinces.

See Also

Iga Province (pg. X), Ise Province (pg. X), Kawachi Province (pg. X), Kii Province (pg. X), Nara Prefecture (pg. X), Yamashiro Province (pg. X),

Yamazaki, Battle of

1582

Toyotomi Hideyoshi crushed Akechi Mitsuhide, the assassin of Oda Nobunaga, at Yamazaki. Mitsuhide had hoped to take Nobunaga's place, but with his defeat, Nobunaga's authority went to Hideyoshi.

Yanagida Kunio

Lived 1875 to 1962.

Yanagida Town

A small town on the Noto Peninsula (pg. X) in Ishikawa Prefecture (pg. X).

Yanagi Muneyoshi

Lived 1889 to 1961.

Yanaibara Tadao

see Yanaihara Tadao on page 307.

Yanaihara Tadao

aka Yanaibara Tadao.

Lived 1893 to 1961.

Yardley, Herbert O.

Lived 13 April 1889 to 7 August 1958

The founder and head of the American Black Chamber (pg 22) and author of the book, The American Black Chamber (pg 23). Under Yardley, the cryptanalysts of the American Black Chamber broke Japanese diplomatic codes and were able to furnish American negotiators with significant information during the Washington Naval Conference of 1921-1922. He later helped the Nationalists in China break Japanese codes and worked briefly for the Canadian government, helping it set up a cryptological section.

Yardley was born and raised in Worthington, Indiana. His mother, Mary Emma Yardley, died when he was 13. His father, Robert Kirkbride Yardley, was a station master and telegrapher for a railroad. From him, Herbert learned to use the telegraph. The “O” in his name stands for Osborn – his mothers' maiden name: Herbert added it to his name because he needed a third letter for his telegraph signature.

After graduating high school in 1907, Yardley worked as a telegrapher for a railroad. In 1912, after passing the civil service exam, he was hired as a government telegrapher. His work in the code room and started his career in cryptology by breaking the U.S. government codes that crossed his desk. At that time, American codes were very weak and Yardley solved them easily. He was shocked to learn that President Wilson was using a code that had been in use for over ten years. The weakness of American codes worried Yardley, especially considering the war in Europe, so he wrote up a hundred-page “Solution of American Diplomatic Codes” and gave it to his boss.

Breaking American codes got Yardley wondering about the codes of other countries. American participation in the war gave Yardley an opportunity to sell the government on his idea to set up a section to break other countries' codes. He convinced Major Ralph Van Deman of the need and in June-July of 1917 Herbert Yardley became a first lieutenant in the Signal Corps and head of the newly created eighth section of military intelligence – MI-8.

Yardley proved to be a very good administrator and during the war the people of MI-8 performed well even if they did not have any spectacular successes. After the war, the American Army and the State department decided to jointly fund MI-8 and Yardley continued as head of the “Cipher Bureau”. They set up shop in New York City for legal reasons.

Cracking Japanese codes was a priority. Kahn ([kahn_2004], pg 62) states:

The most important target was Japan. Its belligerence toward China jeopardized America's Open Door policy. Its emigrants exacerbated American racism. Its naval growth menaced American power in the western Pacific. Its commercial expansion threatened American dominance of Far Eastern markets.

After close to a year, Yardley and his staff finally managed to break the Japanese codes and were still reading Japanese diplomatic traffic when Washington hosted the Washington Naval Conference in 1921. The information the the Cipher Bureau provided the American delegation was instrumental in getting the Japanese side to agree to a 10:6 ratio instead of the 10:7 ratio the Japanese wanted. This was the hight of Yardley's cryptanalytic career.

Unfortunately, Yardley spent much of his time in New York involved in unrelated activities. Also, the flow of diplomatic telegrams dried up as companies became less willing to break the law to help the government. In Washington, William Friedman was actively exploring cryptographic frontiers for the Army – the Cipher Bureau was becoming irrelevant. However, it was moral indignation that finally doomed the bureau. Henry L. Stimpson was Secretary of State under President Hoover. When he found out about Yardley and the Cipher Bureau, he was furious and withdrew funding, summing up his argument with “Gentlemen do not read each other's mail.”

The Cipher Bureau closed its doors for good on 31 October 1929 – just two days after the stock market crashed and the Great Depression began. Not a good time for someone with Herbert O. Yardley's rather esoteric skills to be out of a job. Unable to find anything promising and with a wife and young son to support, Yardley decided to try writing about his old job. The result was The American Black Chamber published by Bobbs-Merrill in 1931.

The American Black Chamber was entertaining and based on fact – mostly telling the story of Yardley's breaking of the Japanese codes and the effect of that at the Washington Naval Conference. It sold well and gave Yardley a taste of fame and infamy. The American government was highly unhappy. The Japanese government was embarrassed and highly unhappy.

None of Yardley's many later attempts at writing were as successful as The American Black Chamber. Still, he published several articles, a novel called The Blonde Countess, and worked on a few movies (including Rendezvous, based very loosely on The Blonde Countess) as a writer and technical advisor. It paid the bills.

[Add info on China and Canada]

Yardley died at 1:15 pm on 7 August 1958, a week or so after having a major stroke. He is buried at Arlinton National Cemetery, Grave 429-1 of Section 30.

Sources and Suggested Reading

The American Black Chamber by Herbert O. Yardley, [yardley_1931]

The Codebreakers by David Kahn, [kahn_1996]

The Reader of Gentlemen's Mail by David Kahn, [kahn_2004]

See Also

American Black Chamber (pg 22), American Black Chamber, The (pg 23), Washington Naval Conference (pg 304)

Yasuda Zenjiro

Lived 1838 to 1921.

Yayoi

Yokohama City

The capital of Kanagawa Prefecture (pg 142).

Yokoi Shonan

Lived 1809 to 1869.

Yokose Family

Yokoyama Gennosuke

Lived 1870 to 1915.

Yōmei-tennō

The 31st Emperor of Japan.

Reigned 585-587.

Yonai Mitsumasa

Lived 1880 to 1948.

Prime Minister from 16 January 1940 to 22 July 1940.

Cabinet

Yonemura Kaichirō

Yōrō

Nengō: 717--723.

Yoshida Castle

Yoshida Shigeru

Lived 1878 to 1967.

Prime Minister from:

22 May 1946 to 24 May 1947

15 October 1948 to 16 February 1949

16 February 1949 to 30 October 1952

30 October 1952 to 21 May 1953

21 May 1953 to 10 December 1954

Yoshida Shoin

Lived 1830 to 1859.

Yoshino Sakuzo

Lived 1878 to 1933.

Yōwa

Nengō: 1181--1181.

Yōzei-tennō

The 57th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 876 to 884.

Yukawa Hideki

Lived 1907 to 1981.

Yura Family

Yūryaku-tennō

The 20th emperor of Japan.

Reigned 456 to 479.

Zaibatsu – Zeami

Zaibatsu

Zeami

aka Kanze Motokiyo.

Lived 1363 to 1443.

Chronological List of Emperors

Here is a list of the Emperors of Japan. An (f) after an entry means female---ie an empress rather than an emperor. Reign dates are given. Birth and death dates are given (or will one day be given) in the individual entries.

Many of the emperors prior to about 500 A.D. are mythological. The entry in Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan [papinot_1972] for the “Nihon-ki” (pg 448) has a good summary of how unreliable the info on early emperors is.

Page	Emperor	From	To	Notes
136	Jimmu	660	585 B.C.	
	Suizei	581	549 B.C.	
	Annei	549	511 B.C.	
	Itoku	510	477 B.C.	
	Kōshō	475	393 B.C.	
	Kōan	392	291 B.C.	
	Kōrei	290	215 B.C.	
	Kōgen	214	158 B.C.	
	Kaika	158	98 B.C.	
	Sujin	97	30 B.C.	
	Suinin	29 B.C.	70 A.D.	
	Keikō	71	130	
	Seimu	131	190	
	Chūai	192	200	
	(Jingū Kōgō??)			
	Ōjin	270	310	
	Nintoku	313	399	
	Richū	400	405	
	Hanzei	406	410	
	Ingyō	412	453	
	Ankō	453	456	
	Yūryaku	456	479	
	Seinei	480	484	
	Kenzō	485	487	
	Ninken	488	498	
	Buretsu	498	506	
	Keitai	507	531	
	Ankan	531	535	
	Senka	535	539	
	Kimmei	539	571	
	Bitatsu	572	585	
	Yōmei	585	587	
	Sushun	587	592	
	Suiko (f)	592	628	
	Jomei	629	641	
	Kōgyoku (f)	642	645	
	Kōtoku	645	654	
	Saimei (f)	655	661	
	Tenji	662	671	
	Kōbun	671	672	
	Temmu	673	686	
	Jitō (f)	690	697	
	Mommu	697	707	
	Gemmei	707	715	
	Genshō	715	724	
	Shōmu	724	749	
	Kōken (f)	749	758	
	Junnin	758	764	
	Shōtoku (f)	764	770	
	Kōnin	770	781	
	Kammu	781	806	
	Heizei	806	809	
	Saga	809	823	
	Junna	823	833	
	Nimmyō	833	850	
	Montoku	850	858	
	Seiwa	858	876	
	Yōzei	876	884	
	Kōkō	884	887	
	Uda	887	897	
	Daigo	897	930	
	Suzaku	930	946	
	Murakami	946	967	
	Reizei	967	969	
	En'yū	969	984	
	Kazan	984	986	
	Ichijō	986	1011	
	Sanjō	1011	1016	
	Goichijō	1016	1036	
	Gosuzaku	1036	1045	
	Goreizei	1045	1068	
	Gosanjō	1068	1072	
	Shirakawa	1072	1086	
	Horikawa	1086	1107	
	Toba	1107	1123	
	Sutoku	1123	1141	
	Konoe	1141	1155	
	Goshirakawa	1155	1158	
	Nijō	1158	1165	
	Rokujō	1165	1168	
	Takakura	1168	1180	
	Antoku	1180	1183	
	Gotoba	1183	1198	
	Tsuchimikado	1198	1210	
	Juntoku	1210	1221	
	Chūkyō	1221	1221	
	Gohorikawa	1221	1232	
	Shijō	1232	1242	
	Gosaga	1242	1246	
	Gofukakusa	1246	1259	
	Kameyama	1259	1274	
	Gouda	1274	1287	
	Fushimi	1288	1298	
	Gofushimi	1298	1301	
	Gonijō	1301	1308	
	Hanazono	1308	1318	
	Godaigo	1318	1339	
	Gomurakami	1339	1368	
	Chōkei	1368	1383	
	Gokameyama	1383	1392	
	Gokomatsu	1392	1412	
	Shōkō	1412	1428	
	Gohanazono	1429	1464	
	Gotsuchimikado	1465	1500	
	Gokashiwabara	1500	1526	
	Gonara	1526	1557	
	Ōgimachi	1557	1586	
	Goyōzei	1586	1611	
	Gomizunoo	1611	1629	
	Meishō (f)	1630	1643	
	Gokōmyō	1643	1654	
	Gosai	1656	1663	
	Reigen	163	1687	
	Higashiyama	1687	1709	
	Nakamikado	1710	1735	
	Sakuramachi	1735	1747	
	Momozono	1747	1762	
	Gosakuramachi	1763	1770	
	Gomomozono	1771	1779	
	Kōkaku	1780	1817	
	Ninkō	1817	1846	
	Kōmei	1847	1866	
	Meiji	1866	1912	
	Taishō	1912	1926	
	Shōwa	1926	1989	
	Heisei	1989	present	

Table 141Chronological List of Emperors

Sources: New Nelson's Kanji Dictionary, pg. 1253-1256, and the Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan, pg. 815-817.

Prime Ministers, 1885 to Present

This list is compiled from Janet Hunter's excellent Concise Dictionary of Japanese History [hunter_1984], Japanese government web sites, articles from the Japan Times, and miscellaneous web sites related to Japanese history.

Page	Prime Minister	From	To	Notes
	Itō Hirobumi	Dec 22, 1885	Apr 30, 1888	1st Itō
	Kuroda Kiyotaka	Apr 30, 1888	Dec 24, 1889	
	Yamagata Aritomo	Dec 24, 1889	May 6, 1891	1st Yamagata
	Matsukata Masayoshi	May 6, 1891	Aug 8, 1892	1st Matsukata
	Itō Hirobumi	Aug 8, 1892	Dec 30, 1899	2nd Itō
	Matsukata Masayoshi	Sep 18, 1896	Jan 12, 1898	2nd Matsukata
	Itō Hirobumi	Jan 12, 1898	Jun 30, 1898	3rd Itō
	Ōkuma Shigenobu	Jun 30, 1898	Nov 8, 1898	1st Ōkuma
	Yamagata Aritomo	Nov 8, 1898	Oct 19, 1900	2nd Yamagata
	Itō Hirobumi	Oct 19, 1900	Jun 2, 1901	4th Itō
	Katsura Tarō	Jun 2, 1901	Jan 7, 1906	1st Katsura
	Saionji Kinmochi	Jan 7, 1906	Jul 14, 1908	1st Saionji
	Katsura Tarō	Jul 14, 1908	Aug 30, 1911	2nd Katsura
	Saionji Kinmochi	Aug 30, 1911	Dec 21, 1912	2nd Saionji
	Katsura Tarō	Dec 21, 1912	Feb 20, 1913	3rd Katsura
	Yamamoto Gonnohyōe	Feb 20, 1913	Apr 16, 1914	1st Yamamoto
	Ōkuma Shigenobu	Apr 16, 1914	Oct 9, 1916	2nd Ōkuma
	Terauchi Masatake	Oct 9, 1916	Sep 29, 1918	
	Hara Kei	Sep 29, 1918	Nov 13, 1921	
	Takahashi Korekiyo	Nov 13, 1921	Jun 12, 1922	
	Katō Tomosaburō	Jun 12, 1922	Sep 2, 1923	Katō Tomosaburō
	Yamamoto Gonnohyōe	Sep 2, 1923	Jan 7, 1924	2nd Yamamoto
	Kiyoura Keigo	Jan 7, 1924	Jun 11, 1924	
	Katō Takaaki	Jun 11, 1924	Aug 2, 1925	1st Katō Takaaki
	Katō Takaaki	Aug 2, 1925	Jan 30, 1926	2nd Katō Takaaki
	Wakatsuki Reijirō	Jan 30, 1926	Apr 20, 1927	1st Wakatsuki
	Tanaka Giichi	Apr 20, 1927	Jul 2, 1929	Tanaka G.
	Hamaguchi Osachi	Jul 2, 1929	Apr 14, 1931	
	Wakatsuki Reijirō	Apr 14, 1931	Dec 13, 1931	2nd Wakatsuki
	Inukai Tsuyoshi	Dec 13, 1931	May 26, 1932	check dates
	Saitō Makoto	May 26, 1932	Jul 8, 1934	
	Okada Keisuke	Jul 8, 1934	Mar 9, 1936	
	Hirota Kōki	Mar 9, 1936	Feb 2, 1937	
	Hayashi Senjūrō	Feb 2, 1937	Jun 4, 1937	
	Konoe Fumimaro	Jun 4, 1937	Jan 5, 1939	1st Konoe
	Hiranuma Kiichirō	Jan 5, 1939	Aug 30, 1939	
	Abe Nobuyuki	Aug 30, 1939	Jan 16, 1940	
	Yonai Mitsumasa	Jan 16, 1940	Jul 22, 1940	
	Konoe Fumimaro	Jul 22, 1940	Jul 18, 1941	2nd Konoe
	Konoe Fumimaro	Jul 18, 1941	Oct 18, 1941	3rd Konoe
	Tōjō Hideki	Oct 18, 1941	Jul 22, 1944	
	Koiso Kuniaki	Jul 22, 1944	Apr 7, 1945	
	Suzuki Kantarō	Apr 7, 1945	Aug 17, 1945	Suzuki K.
	Higashikuni Naruhiko	Aug 17, 1945	Oct 9, 1945	
	Shidehara Kijūrō	Oct 9, 1945	May 22, 1946	
	Yoshida Shigeru	May 22, 1946	May 24, 1947	1st Yoshida
	Katayama Tetsu	May 24, 1947	Mar 10, 1948	
	Ashida Hitoshi	Mar 10, 1948	Oct 15, 1948	
	Yoshida Shigeru	Oct 15, 1948	Feb 16, 1949	2nd Yoshida
	Yoshida Shigeru	Feb 16, 1949	Oct 30, 1952	3rd Yoshida
	Yoshida Shigeru	Oct 30, 1952	May 21, 1953	4th Yoshida
	Yoshida Shigeru	May 21, 1953	Dec 10, 1954	5th Yoshida
	Hatoyama Ichirō	Dec 10, 1954	Mar 19, 1955	1st Hatoyama
	Hatoyama Ichirō	Mar 19, 1955	Nov 22, 1955	2nd Hatoyama
	Hatoyama Ichirō	Nov 22, 1955	Dec 23, 1956	3rd Hatoyama
	Ishibashi Tanzan	Dec 23, 1956	Feb 25, 1957	
	Kishi Nobusuke	Feb 25, 1957	Jun 12, 1958	1st Kishi
	Kishi Nobusuke	Jun 12, 1958	Jul 19, 1960	2nd Kishi
	Ikeda Hayato	Jul 19, 1960	Dec 8, 1960	1st Ikeda
	Ikeda Hayato	Dec 8, 1960	Dec 9, 1963	2nd Ikeda
	Ikeda Hayato	Dec 9, 1963	Nov 9, 1964	3rd Ikeda
	Satō Eisaku	Nov 9, 1964	Feb 17, 1967	1st Satō
	Satō Eisaku	Feb 17, 1967	Jan 14, 1970	2nd Satō
	Satō Eisaku	Jan 14, 1970	Jul 7, 1972	3rd Satō
	Tanaka Kakuei	Jul 7, 1972	Dec 22, 1972	1st Tanaka K.
	Tanaka Kakuei	Dec 22, 1972	Dec 9, 1974	2nd Tanaka K.
	Miki Takeo	Dec 9, 1974	Dec 24, 1976	
	Fukuda Takeo	Dec 24, 1976	Dec 7, 1978	
	Ōhira Masayoshi	Dec 7, 1978	Nov 9, 1979	1st Ōhira
	Ōhira Masayoshi	Nov 9, 1979	Jul 18, 1980	2nd Ōhira
	Suzuki Zenkō	Jul 18, 1980	Nov 26, 1982	Suzuki Z.
	Nakasone Yasuhiro	Nov 26, 1982	Dec 27, 1983	1st Nakasone
	Nakasone Yasuhiro	Dec 27, 1983	Jul 22, 1986	2nd Nakasone
	Nakasone Yasuhiro	Jul 22, 1986	Nov 6, 1987	3rd Nakasone
	Takeshita Noboru	Nov 6, 1987	Jun 2, 1989	
	Uno Sosuke	Jun 2, 1989	Aug 10, 1989	check dates!
	Kaifu Toshiki	Aug 10, 1989	Feb 28, 1990	1st Kaifu
	Kaifu Toshiki	Feb 28, 1990	Nov 5, 1991	2nd Kaifu
	Miyazawa Kiichi	Nov 5, 1991	Aug 9, 1993	
	Hosokawa Morihiro	Aug 9, 1993	Apr 28, 1994	
	Hata Tsutomu	Apr 28, 1994	Jun 30, 1994	
	Murayama Tomiichi	Jun 29, 1994	Jan 11, 1996	
	Hashimoto Ryūtarō	Jan 11, 1996	Nov 7, 1996	1st Hashimoto
	Hashimoto Ryūtarō	Nov 7, 1996	Jul 30, 1998	2nd Hashimoto
	Obuchi Keizō	Jul 30, 1998	Apr 5, 2000	
	Mori Yoshirō	Apr 5, 2000	Jul 4, 2000	1st Mori
	Mori Yoshirō	Jul 4, 2000	Apr 26, 2001	2nd Mori
	Koizumi Jun'ichirō	Apr 26, 2001		

Table 142Prime Ministers, 1885 to Present

Alphabetical List of the Prefectures

This table is based on data from Noritaka Yagasaki's Japan: Geographical Perspectives on an Island Nation [yagasaki_1997], 3rd Edition, published by Teikoku-Shoin, 1997.

Page	Name	Area (km2 )	Capital	Population
	Aichi	5,150	Nagoya	6,770,000
	Akita	11,612	Akita	1,220,000
	Aomori	9,605	Aomori	1,510,000
	Chiba	5,156	Chiba	5,780,000
	Ehime	5,675	Matsuyama	1,520,000
	Fukui	4,188	Fukui	830,000
	Fukuoka	4,968	Fukuoka	4,900,000
	Fukushima	13,782	Fukushima	2,140,000
	Gifu	10,598	Gifu	2,100,000
	Gunma	6,363	Maebashi	2,000,000
	Hiroshima	8,475	Hiroshima	2,870,000
	Hokkaidō	83,452	Sapporo	5,690,000
	Hyōgo	8,387	Kōbe	5,420,000
	Ibaraki	6,094	Mitō	2,970,000
	Ishikawa	4,185	Kanazawa	1,170,000
	Iwate	15,278	Moriaki	1,430,000
	Kagawa	1,875	Takamatsu	1,030,000
	Kagoshima	9,186	Kagoshima	1,800,000
	Kanagawa	2,414	Yokohama	8,170,000
	Kōchi	7,104	Kōchi	830,000
	Kumamoto	7,403	Kumamoto	1,870,000
	Kyōto	4,612	Kyōto	2,550,000
	Mie	5,774	Tsu	1,840,000
	Miyagi	7,285	Sendai	2,310,000
	Miyazaki	7,734	Miyazaki	1,190,000
	Nagano	13,585	Nagano	2,190,000
	Nagasaki	4,091	Nagasaki	1,550,000
	Nara	3,691	Nara	1,440,000
	Niigata	12,582	Niigata	2,490,000
	Ōita	6,337	Ōita	1,240,000
	Okayama	7,111	Okayama	1,950,000
	Okinawa	2,266	Naha	1,290,000
	Ōsaka	1,892	Ōsaka	8,590,000
	Saga	2,439	Saga	890,000
	Saitama	3,797	Urawa	6,720,000
	Shiga	4,017	Ōtsu	1,280,000
	Shimane	6,707	Matsue	770,000
	Shizuoka	7,779	Shizuoka	3,730,000
	Tochigi	6,408	Utsunomiya	1,980,000
	Tokushima	4,144	Tokushima	840,000
	Tōkyō	2,187	Tōkyō	11,540,000
	Tottori	3,507	Tottori	620,000
	Toyama	4,427	Toyama	1,130,000
	Wakayama	4,724	Wakayama	1,100,000
	Yamagata	9,323	Yamagata	1,260,000
	Yamaguchi	6,110	Yamaguchi	1,550,000
	Yamanashi	4,465	Kōfu	880,000

Table 143Alphabetical List of the Prefectures

Provinces and Corresponding Prefectures

This table lists the old provinces but is ordered by prefecture more or less from north to south. This makes it easier to see which provinces make up the current prefectures. Also listed are the region to which each prefecture / province belongs. The first is the region as given in the New Nelson's Kanji Dictionary. Next to that is the region as given by the older and sometimes less reliable Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan [papinot_1972].

Page	Province	Prefecture	Region (Nelson's)	Region (HGDJ)
	Mutsu	Aomori	Tōhoku	
	Ugo	Akita	Tōhoku	Tōsandō
	Rikuchū	Iwate	Tōhoku	Tōsandō
	Rikuzen	Miyagi	Tōhoku	Tōsandō
	Uzen	Yamagata	Tōhoku	Tōsandō
	Iwashiro	Fukushima	Tōhoku	Tōsandō
	Iwaki	Fukushima, Miyagi	Tōhoku	Tōsandō
	Hitachi	Ibaraki	Kantō	Tōkaidō
	Shimotsuke	Tochigi	Kantō	Tōsandō
	Kōzuke	Gumma	Kantō	Tōsandō
	Musashi	Saitama, Tōkyō	Kantō	Tōkaidō
	Sagami	Kanagawa	Kantō	Tōkaidō
	Shimōsa	Chiba	Kantō	Tōkaidō
	Kazusa	Chiba	Kantō	Tōkaidō
	Awa	Chiba	Kantō	Tōkaidō
	Echigo	Niigata	Chūbu	Hokurokudō
	Sado	Niigata	Chūbu	Hokurokudō
	Etchū	Toyama	Chūbu	Hokurokudō
	Kaga	Ishikawa	Chūbu	Hokurokudō
	Noto	Ishikawa	Chūbu	Hokurokudō
	Echizen	Fukui	Chūbu	Hokurokudō
	Wakasa	Fukui	Chūbu	Hokurokudō
	Suruga	Shizuoka	Chūbu	Tōkaidō
	Izu	Shizuoka	Chūbu	Tōkaidō
	Kai	Yamanashi	Chūbu	Tōkaidō
	Shinano	Nagano	Chūbu	Tōsandō
	Mikawa	Aichi	Chūbu	Tōkaidō
	Owari	Aichi	Chūbu	Tōkaidō
	Mino	Gifu	Chūbu	Tōsandō
	Hida	Gifu	Chūbu	Tōsandō
	Ōmi	Shiga	Kinki	Tōsandō
	Yamashiro	Kyōto	Kinki	Go-Kinai
	Tamba	Kyōto	Kinki	San'indō
	Tango	Kyōto	Kinki	San'indō
	Izumi	Ōsaka	Kinki	Go-Kinai
	Kawachi	Ōsaka	Kinki	Go-Kinai
	Yamato	Nara	Kinki	Go-Kinai
	Kii	Wakayama	Kinki	Nankaidō
	Ise	Mie	Kinki	Tōkaidō
	Iga	Mie	Kinki	Tōkaidō
	Tajima	Hyōgo	Kinki	San'indō
	Settsu	Hyōgo	Kinki	Go-Kinai
	Harima	Hyōgo	Kinki	San'yōdō
	Awaji	Hyōgo	Kinki	Nankaidō
	Bizen	Okayama	Chūgoku	San'yōdō
	Bitchū	Okayama	Chūgoku	San'yōdō
	Mimasaka	Okayama	Chūgoku	San'yōdō
	Bingo	Hiroshima	Chūgoku	San'yōdō
	Aki	Hiroshima	Chūgoku	San'yōdō
	Nagato	Yamaguchi	Chūgoku	San'yōdō
	Suō	Yamaguchi	Chūgoku	San'yōdō
	Inaba	Tottori	Chūgoku	San'indō
	Hōki	Tottori	Chūgoku	San'indō
	Izumo	Shimane	Chūgoku	San'indō
	Iwami	Shimane	Chūgoku	San'indō
	Oki	Shimane	Chūgoku	San'indō
	Sanuki	Kagawa	Shikoku	Nankaidō
	Iyo	Ehime	Shikoku	Nankaidō
	Awa	Tokushima	Shikoku	Nankaidō
	Tosa	Kōchi	Shikoku	Nankaidō
	Chikuzen	Fukuoka	Kyūshū	Saikaidō
	Buzen	Fukuoka	Kyūshū	Saikaidō
	Bungo	Ōita	Kyūshū	Saikaidō
	Hyūga	Miyazaki	Kyūshū	Saikaidō
	Chikugo	Saga	Kyūshū	Saikaidō
	Hizen	Nagasaki	Kyūshū	Saikaidō
	Iki	Nagasaki	Kyūshū	Saikaidō
	Tsushima	Nagasaki	Kyūshū	Saikaidō
	Higo	Kumamoto	Kyūshū	Saikaidō
	Satsuma	Kagoshima	Kyūshū	Saikaidō
	Ōsumi	Kagoshima	Kyūshū	Saikaidō
	Ryūkyū	Okinawa	Ryūkyū	Saikaidō

Table 144Provinces and Corresponding Prefectures

Chronological List of Nengō

Sources: New Nelson's Kanji Dictionary and the Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan [papinot_1972].

The “aka xxx” in the notes column usually means that the listed nengo (“xxx”) is given in Papinot as an alternate reading for the kanji, but does not appear in the list given in New Nelson's.

Page	Nengo	From	To	Notes
	Taika	645	649	
	Hakuchi	650	654	
	Hakuchō	673	685	
	Shuchō	686	689	
	Taihō	701	703	
	Keiun	704	707	aka Kyōun
	Wadō	708	714	
	Reiki	715	716	
	Yōrō	717	723	
	Jinki	724	728	aka Shinki
	Tempyō	729	748	
	Tempyō-kampō	749	749	
	Tempyō-shōhō	749	756	
	Tempyō-hōji	757	764	
	Tempyō-jingo	765	766	aka Tempyō-shingo
	Jingo-keiun	767	769	
	Hōki	770	780	
	Ten'ō	781	781	
	Enryaku	782	805	
	Daidō	806	809	
	Kōnin	810	823	
	Tenchō	824	833	
	Shōwa	834	847	aka Jōwa
	Kajō	848	850	aka Kashō
	Kashō	848	850	aka Kajō
	Ninju	851	853	
	Saikō	854	856	aka Seiko??
	Tennan	857	858	aka Ten'an?
	Jōgan	859	876	aka Jōkan
	Genkei	877	884	
	Ninna	885	888	aka Ninwa
	Kampyō	889	897	
	Shōtai	898	900	
	Engi	901	922	
	Enchō	923	930	
	Shōhei	931	937	aka Jōhei, Shōhyō
	Tengyō	938	946	aka Tenkei
	Tenryaku	948	956	
	Tentoku	957	960	
	Ōwa	961	963	
	Kōhō	964	967	
	Anna	968	969	aka Anwa
	Tenroku	970	972	
	Ten'en	973	975	
	Jōgen	976	977	aka Teigen
	Tengen	978	982	
	Eikan	983	984	
	Kanna	985	986	aka Kanwa
	Eien	987	988	
	Eiso	989	989	
	Shōryaku	990	994	
	Chōtoku	995	998	
	Chōhō	999	1003	
	Kankō	1004	1011	
	Chōwa	1012	1016	
	Kannin	1017	1020	
	Jian	1021	1023	aka Chian
	Manju	1024	1027	
	Chōgen	1028	1036	
	Chōryaku	1037	1039	aka Chōreki
	Chōkyū	1040	1043	
	Kantoku	1044	1045	
	Eishō	1046	1052	aka Eijō
	Tengi	1053	1057	
	Kōhei	1058	1064	
	Jireki	1065	1068	aka Chiryaku
	Enkyū	1069	1073	
	Jōhō	1074	1076	aka Shōhō
	Shōryaku	1077	1080	aka Jōreki
	Eihō	1081	1083	
	Ōtoku	1084	1086	
	Kanji	1087	1093	
	Kahō	1094	1095	
	Eichō	1096	1096	
	Jōtoku	1097	1098	aka Shōtoku
	Kōwa	1099	1103	
	Chōji	1104	1105	
	Kajō	1106	1107	aka Kashō
	Tennin	1108	1109	
	Ten'ei	1110	1112	
	Eikyū	1113	1117	
	Gen'ei	1118	1119	aka Gan'ei
	Hōan	1120	1123	
	Tenji	1124	1125	aka Tenju
	Daiji	1126	1130	aka Taiji
	Tenshō	1131	1131	
	Chōshō	1132	1134	aka Chōjō ??
	Hōen	1135	1140	
	Eiji	1141	1141	
	Kōji	1142	1143	
	Ten'yō	1144	1144	
	Kyūan	1145	1150	
	Nimpei	1151	1153	aka Nimpyō
	Kyūju	1154	1155	
	Hōgen	1156	1158	
	Heiji	1159	1159	aka Byōji
	Eiryaku	1160	1160	
	Ōhō	1161	1162	
	Chōkan	1163	1164	
	Eiman	1165	1165	
	Ninnan	1166	1168	aka Nin'an
	Kaō	1169	1170	
	Shōan	1171	1174	aka Jōan
	Angen	1175	1176	
	Jishō	1177	1180	aka Jijō
	Yōwa	1181	1181	
	Juei	1182	1183	
	Genryaku	1184	1184	aka Ganryaku, Genreki
	Bunji	1185	1189	
	Kenkyū	1190	1198	
	Shōji	1199	1200	
	Kennin	1201	1203	
	Genkyū	1204	1205	
	Ken'ei	1206	1206	
	Jōgen	1207	1210	aka Shōgen
	Kenryaku	1211	1212	
	Kempō	1213	1218	
	Jōkyū	1219	1221	aka Shōkyū
	Jōō	1222	1223	aka Teiō
	Gennin	1224	1224	
	Karoku	1225	1226	
	Antei	1227	1228	
	Kanki	1229	1231	
	Jōei	1232	1232	aka Teiei
	Tempuku	1233	1233	
	Bunryaku	1234	1234	
	Katei	1235	1237	
	Ryakunin	1238	1238	
	En'ō	1239	1239	
	Ninji	1240	1242	
	Kangen	1243	1246	
	Hōji	1247	1248	
	Kenchō	1249	1255	
	Kōgen	1256	1256	
	Shōka	1257	1258	
	Shōgen	1259	1259	
	Bun'ō	1260	1260	
	Kōchō	1261	1263	
	Bun'ei	1264	1274	
	Kenji	1275	1277	
	Kōan	1278	1287	
	Shōō	1288	1292	
	Einin	1293	1298	
	Shōan	1299	1301	
	Kengen	1302	1302	
	Kagen	1303	1305	
	Tokuji	1306	1307	
	Enkyō	1308	1310	aka Enkei
	Ōchō	1311	1311	
	Shōwa	1312	1316	
	Bumpō	1317	1318	
	Gen'ō	1319	1320	
	Genkō	1321	1323	aka Genkyō
	Shōchū	1324	1325	
	Karyaku	1326	1328	aka Kareki
	Gentoku	1329	1330	
	Genkō	1331	1333	
	Kemmu	1334	1335	see pg 270
	Engen	1336	1339	
	Ryakuō	1338	1341	Northern
	Kōkoku	1340	1345	
	Kōei	1342	1344	Northern
	Teiwa	1345	1349	Northern
	Shōhei	1346	1369	aka Shōhyō
	Kan'ō	1350	1351	Northern
	Bunwa	1352	1355	Northern
	Embun	1356	1360	Northern
	Kōan	1361	1362	Northern
	Jōji	1362	1367	Northern
	Ōan	1368	1374	Northern
	Kentoku	1370	1371	
	Eiwa	1375	1378	Northern
	Kōryaku	1379	1380	Northern
	Genchū	1380	1382	
	Eitoku	1381	1383	Northern
	Kōwa	1381	1383	
	Shitoku	1384	1386	Northern
	Kakei	1387	1388	Northern
	Kōō	1389	1389	Northern
	Meitoku	1390	1393	Northern
	Meitoku	1393	1393	Southern
	Ōei	1394	1427	
	Shōchō	1428	1428	
	Eikyō	1429	1440	
	Kakitsu	1441	1443	
	Bunnan	1444	1448	aka Bun'an
	Hōtoku	1449	1451	
	Kyōtoku	1452	1454	aka Kōtoku
	Kōshō	1455	1456	
	Chōroku	1457	1459	
	Kanshō	1460	1465	
	Bunshō	1466	1466	
	Ōnin	1467	1468	
	Bummei	1469	1486	
	Chōkyō	1487	1488	aka Chōkō
	Entoku	1489	1491	
	Meiō	1492	1500	
	Bunki	1501	1503	
	Eishō	1504	1520	
	Daiei	1521	1527	aka Taiei
	Kyōroku	1528	1531	
	Temmon	1532	1554	aka Tembun
	Kōji	1555	1557	
	Eiroku	1558	1569	
	Genki	1570	1572	
	Tenshō	1573	1591	
	Bunroku	1592	1595	
	Keichō	1596	1614	
	Genna	1615	1623	aka Genwa
	Kan'ei	1624	1643	
	Shōhō	1644	1647	
	Keian	1648	1651	
	Jōō	1652	1654	aka Shōō
	Meireki	1655	1657	
	Manji	1658	1660	
	Kambun	1661	1672	
	Empō	1673	1680	
	Tenna	1681	1683	aka Tenwa
	Jōkyō	1684	1687	aka Teikyō
	Genroku	1688	1703	
	Hōei	1704	1710	
	Shōtoku	1711	1715	
	Kyōhō	1716	1735	
	Gembun	1736	1740	
	Kampō	1741	1743	
	Enkyō	1744	1747	
	Kan'en	1748	1750	
	Hōreki	1751	1763	
	Meiwa	1764	1771	
	An'ei	1772	1780	
	Temmei	1781	1788	
	Kansei	1789	1800	
	Kyōwa	1801	1803	
	Bunka	1804	1817	
	Bunsei	1818	1829	
	Tempō	1830	1843	
	Kōka	1844	1847	
	Kaei	1848	1853	
	Ansei	1854	1859	
	Man'en	1860	1860	
	Bunkyū	1861	1863	
	Genji	1864	1864	aka Ganji
	Keiō	1865	1867	
	Meiji	1868	1912	
	Taishō	1912	1925	
	Shōwa	1926	1988	
	Heisei	1989		

Table 145Chronological List of Nengo

List of the Shōgun

Kamakura Shōgunate

Page	Name	Birth	Begin	End	Death
	Minamoto Yoritomo	1147	1192	1199	1199
	Minamoto Yoriie	1182	1202	1203	1204
	Minamoto Sanetomo	1192	1203	1219	1219
	Fujiwara Yoritsune	1218	1226	1244	1256
	Fujiwara Yoritsugu	1239	1244	1252	1256
	Munetaka	1242	1252	1266	1274
	Koreyasu	1264	1266	1289	1326
	Hisaakira	1274	1289	1308	1328
	Morikuni	1301	1308	1333	1333
	Morinaga	1308	1333	1334	1335
	Narinaga	1325	1334	1338	1338

Table 146List of the Kamakura Shōgun

Ashikaga Shōgunate

Page	Name	Birth	Begin	End	Death
	Ashikaga Takauji	1308	1338	1358	1358
	Ashikaga Yoshiakira	1330	1358	1367	1368
	Ashikaga Yoshimitsu	1358	1367	1395	1408
	Ashikaga Yoshimochi	1386	1395	1423	1428
	Ashikaga Yoshikazu	1407	1423	1425	1425
	Ashikaga Yoshinori	1394	1428	1441	1441
	Ashikaga Yoshikatsu	1433	1441	1443	1443
	Ashikaga Yoshimasa	1435	1449	1474	1490
	Ashikaga Yoshihisa	1465	1474	1489	1489
	Ashikaga Yoshitane	1465	1490	1493	1522
	Ashikaga Yoshizumi	1478	1493	1508	1511
	Ashikaga Yoshitane	1465	1508	1521	1522
	Ashikaga Yoshiharu	1510	1521	1545	1550
	Ashikaga Yoshiteru	1535	1545	1565	1565
	Ashikaga Yoshihide	1564	1568	1568	1568
	Ashikaga Yoshiaki	1537	1568	1573	1597

Table 147List of the Ashikaga Shōgun

Tokugawa Shōgunate

Page	Name	Birth	Begin	End	Death
	Tokugawa Ieyasu	1542	1603	1605	1616
	Tokugawa Hidetada	1579	1605	1623	1632
	Tokugawa Iemitsu	1604	1623	1651	1651
	Tokugawa Ietsuna	1641	1651	1680	1680
	Tokugawa Tsunayoshi	1646	1680	1709	1709
	Tokugawa Ienobu	1662	1709	1712	1712
	Tokugawa Ietsugu	1709	1712	1716	1716
	Tokugawa Yoshimune	1684	1716	1745	1751
	Tokugawa Ieshige	1711	1745	1760	1761
	Tokugawa Ieharu	1737	1760	1786	1786
	Tokugawa Ienari	1773	1786	1837	1841
	Tokugawa Ieyoshi	1793	1837	1853	1853
	Tokugawa Iesada	1824	1853	1858	1858
	Tokugawa Iemochi	1846	1858	1866	1866
	Tokugawa Keiki	1837	1866	1868	

Table 148List of the Tokugawa Shōgun

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Bibliography

[bryant_1995] Bryant, Anthony J., Sekigahara 1600: The Final Struggle for Power, Osprey, 1995

[hiyama_1994] Hiyama Yoshiaki, 暗号を盗んだ男達, Kanjinsha, 1994

[hunter_1984] Hunter, Janet E., Concise Dictionary of Japanese History, University of California Press, 1984

[kahn_1996] Kahn, David, The Codebreakers: The Story of Secret Writing, Schribner, 1996

[kahn_2004] Kahn, David, The Reader of Gentlemen's Mail, Herbert O. Yardley and the Birth of American Codebreaking, Yale University Press, 2004

[papinot_1972] Papinot, E., Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan, Charles E. Tuttle Co., Inc.,

[sansom_1961] Sansom, George B., A History of Japan, 1334-1615, Stanford University Press, 1961

[takagawa_2003] Takagawa, Toshio, 暗号解読入門, PHP, 2003

[turnbull_1998] Turnbull, Stephan, The Samurai Sourcebook, Cassell & Co., 1998

[yagasaki_1997] Yagasaki, Noritaka, Japan: Geographical Perspectives on an Island Nation, Teikoku-Shoin, 1997

[yardley_1931] Yardley, Herbert O., American Black Chamber, The, Bobbs-Merrill, 1931

different, older form of i in 11

[takagawa_2003] pg 161

To fit the English alphabet into a five-by-five square, the encoder either drops one letter or puts two in one square.

George Sansom, A History of Japan, 1334-1615, pg ??

Hideyoshi Hashiba became infamous for his use of terror tactics to maintain control over populations and to punish those who dared to oppose him. To punish Akamatsu and his followers, Hideyoshi searched out and found the wives and children of the soldiers defending the castle. He then crucified all of them, as an object lesson to his opponents.

Note: Japanese history textbooks have it that Amago defended the castle with five thousand men, but the physical size of the castle and the mountain itself quickly discredit this claim as an impossibility.

3

Encyclopedia of Japanese History

2004-04-02T13:53:57